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1 | .\" -*-nroff-*- |
2 | .TH bits 3mLib "20 June 1999" mLib |
3 | .SH NAME |
4 | bits \- portable bit manipulation macros |
5 | .SH SYNOPSIS |
6 | .nf |
7 | .B "#include <mLib/bits.h>" |
8 | |
9 | .BI "octet U8(" v ); |
10 | .BI "uint16 U16(" v ); |
11 | .BI "uint32 U32(" v ); |
12 | |
13 | .BI "octet LSL8(" v ", " s ); |
14 | .BI "octet LSR8(" v ", " s ); |
15 | .BI "uint16 LSL16(" v ", " s ); |
16 | .BI "uint16 LSR16(" v ", " s ); |
17 | .BI "uint32 LSL32(" v ", " s ); |
18 | .BI "uint32 LSR32(" v ", " s ); |
19 | |
20 | .BI "octet ROL8(" v ", " s ); |
21 | .BI "octet ROR8(" v ", " s ); |
22 | .BI "uint16 ROL16(" v ", " s ); |
23 | .BI "uint16 ROR16(" v ", " s ); |
24 | .BI "uint32 ROL32(" v ", " s ); |
25 | .BI "uint32 ROR32(" v ", " s ); |
26 | |
27 | .BI "octet GETBYTE(" p ", " o ); |
28 | .BI "void PUTBYTE(" p ", " o ", " v ); |
29 | |
30 | .BI "octet LOAD8(" p ); |
31 | .BI "void STORE8(" p ", " v ); |
32 | |
33 | .BI "uint16 LOAD16_B(" p ); |
34 | .BI "uint16 LOAD16_L(" p ); |
35 | .BI "uint16 LOAD16(" p ); |
36 | .BI "void STORE16_B(" p ", " v ); |
37 | .BI "void STORE16_L(" p ", " v ); |
38 | .BI "void STORE16(" p ", " v ); |
39 | |
40 | .BI "uint32 LOAD32_B(" p ); |
41 | .BI "uint32 LOAD32_L(" p ); |
42 | .BI "uint32 LOAD32(" p ); |
43 | .BI "void STORE32_B(" p ", " v ); |
44 | .BI "void STORE32_L(" p ", " v ); |
45 | .BI "void STORE32(" p ", " v ); |
46 | .fi |
47 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
48 | The header file |
49 | .B <mLib/bits.h> |
50 | contains a number of useful definitions for portably dealing with bit- |
51 | and byte-level manipulation of larger quantities. It declares three |
52 | types: |
53 | .TP |
54 | .B octet |
55 | Equivalent to |
56 | .BR "unsigned char" . |
57 | This is intended to be used when a character array is used to represent |
58 | the octets of some external data format. Note that on some |
59 | architectures the |
60 | .B "unsigned char" |
61 | type may occupy more than 8 bits. |
62 | .TP |
63 | .B uint16 |
64 | Equivalent to |
65 | .BR "unsigned short" . |
66 | Intended to be used when a 16-bit value is required. This type is |
67 | always capable of representing any 16-bit unsigned value, but the actual |
68 | type may be wider than 16 bits and will require masking. |
69 | .TP |
70 | .B uint32 |
71 | Equivalent to some (architecture-dependent) standard type. Capable of |
72 | representing any unsigned 32-bit value, although the the actual type may |
73 | be wider than 32 bits. |
74 | .PP |
75 | The constants |
76 | .BR MASK8 , |
77 | .B MASK16 |
78 | and |
79 | .B MASK32 |
80 | contain bitmasks appropriate for discarding additional bits from a value |
81 | before use as an 8-, 16- or 32-bit quantity. The macros |
82 | .BR U8 , |
83 | .B U16 |
84 | and |
85 | .B U32 |
86 | perform masking and type-coercion on a value, and may be more useful in |
87 | general. For example, |
88 | .B U16(x) |
89 | yields a value of type |
90 | .B uint16 |
91 | which contains (only) the least-significant 16 bits of |
92 | .BR x . |
93 | .PP |
94 | The macros |
95 | .BI LSL n |
96 | and |
97 | .BI LSR n |
98 | perform left and right logical shift operations on values of width |
99 | .IR n , |
100 | where |
101 | .I n |
102 | is one of |
103 | .BR 8 , |
104 | .B 16 |
105 | or |
106 | .BR 32 . |
107 | The first argument, written |
108 | .IR v , |
109 | is the value to shift, and the second, written |
110 | .IR s , |
111 | is the number of bits to shift. The value |
112 | .I s |
113 | is reduced modulo |
114 | .I n |
115 | before use. Similarly, the macros |
116 | .BI ROL n |
117 | and |
118 | .BI ROR n |
119 | perform left and right rotations (cyclic shifts) on values of width |
120 | .IR n . |
121 | These macros are all written in such a way as to maximize portability. |
122 | A compiler may be able to spot that simple machine instructions will |
123 | suffice in many cases, although that's not the main objective. |
124 | .PP |
125 | The macros |
126 | .BI LOAD n |
127 | and |
128 | .BI STORE n |
129 | (where again |
130 | .I n |
131 | is one of |
132 | .BR 8 , |
133 | .B 16 |
134 | or |
135 | .BR 32 ) |
136 | perform transformations between |
137 | .IR n -bit |
138 | quantities and arrays of octets. For example, |
139 | .B LOAD32(q) |
140 | returns the 32-bit value stored in the four octets starting at address |
141 | .BR q , |
142 | and |
143 | .B STORE16(q, x) |
144 | stores the 16-bit value |
145 | .B x |
146 | in the 2 octets starting at address |
147 | .BR q . |
148 | Values are loaded and stored such that the most significant octet is |
149 | assigned the lowest address (i.e., they use network, or big-endian byte |
150 | order). Macros |
151 | .BI LOAD n _L |
152 | and |
153 | .BI STORE n _L |
154 | are also provided for |
155 | .I n |
156 | either |
157 | .B 16 |
158 | or |
159 | .BR 32 : |
160 | they use little-endian byte order. There are |
161 | explicit big-endian macros |
162 | .BI LOAD n _B |
163 | and |
164 | .BI STORE n _B |
165 | too. The pointer arguments don't have to be pointers to octets; the |
166 | value arguments don't have to be of the right type. The macros perform |
167 | all appropriate type casting and masking. Again, these macros are |
168 | written with portability foremost in mind, although it seems they don't |
169 | actually perform at all badly in real use. |
170 | .SH AUTHOR |
171 | Mark Wooding, <mdw@nsict.org> |
172 | |