[lisp] / mdw-base.lisp

;;; -*-lisp-*-
;;;
;;; $Id$
;;;
;;; Basic definitions
;;;
;;; (c) 2005 Mark Wooding
;;;

;;;----- Licensing notice ---------------------------------------------------
;;;
;;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
;;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
;;; (at your option) any later version.
;;;
;;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;;; GNU General Public License for more details.
;;;
;;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;;; along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
;;; Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Package things.

(defpackage #:mdw.base
  (:use #:common-lisp)
  (:export #:unsigned-fixnum
           #:compile-time-defun
           #:show
           #:stringify #:functionify #:mappend
           #:listify #:fix-pair #:pairify
           #:parse-body #:with-parsed-body
           #:whitespace-char-p
           #:slot-uninitialized
           #:nlet #:while #:until #:case2 #:ecase2 #:setf-default
           #:with-gensyms #:let*/gensyms #:with-places
           #:locp #:locf #:ref #:with-locatives
           #:update-place #:update-place-after
           #:incf-after #:decf-after
           #:fixnump)
  #+cmu (:import-from #:extensions #:fixnump))

(in-package #:mdw.base)

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Useful types.

(deftype unsigned-fixnum ()
  "Unsigned fixnums; useful as array indices and suchlike."
  `(mod ,most-positive-fixnum))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Some simple macros to get things going.

(defmacro compile-time-defun (name args &body body)
  "Define a function which can be used by macros during the compilation
   process."
  `(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
     (defun ,name ,args ,@body)))

(defmacro show (x)
  "Debugging tool: print the expression X and its values."
  (let ((tmp (gensym)))
    `(let ((,tmp (multiple-value-list ,x)))
       (fresh-line)
       (pprint-logical-block (*standard-output* nil :per-line-prefix ";; ")
         (format t
                 "~S = ~@_~:I~:[#<no values>~;~:*~{~S~^ ~_~}~]"
                 ',x
                 ,tmp))
       (terpri)
       (values-list ,tmp))))

(defun stringify (str)
  "Return a string representation of STR.  Strings are returned unchanged;
   symbols are converted to their names (unqualified!).  Other objects are
   converted to their print representations."
  (typecase str
    (string str)
    (symbol (symbol-name str))
    (t (princ-to-string str))))

(defun functionify (func)
  "Convert the function-designator FUNC to a function."
  (declare (type (or function symbol) func))
  (etypecase func
    (function func)
    (symbol (symbol-function func))))

(defun mappend (function list &rest more-lists)
  "Apply FUNCTION to corresponding elements of LIST and MORE-LISTS, yielding
   a list.  Return the concatenation of all the resulting lists.  Like
   mapcan, but nondestructive."
  (apply #'append (apply #'mapcar function list more-lists)))

(compile-time-defun listify (x)
  "If X is a (possibly empty) list, return X; otherwise return (list X)."
  (if (listp x) x (list x)))

(compile-time-defun do-fix-pair (x y defaultp)
  "Helper function for fix-pair and pairify."
  (flet ((singleton (x) (values x (if defaultp y x))))
    (cond ((atom x) (singleton x))
          ((null (cdr x)) (singleton (car x)))
          ((atom (cdr x)) (values (car x) (cdr x)))
          ((cddr x) (error "Too many elements for a pair."))
          (t (values (car x) (cadr x))))))

(compile-time-defun fix-pair (x &optional (y nil defaultp))
  "Return two values extracted from X.  It works as follows:
     (A) -> A, Y
     (A B) -> A, B
     (A B . C) -> error
     (A . B) -> A, B
     A -> A, Y
   where Y defaults to A if not specified."
  (do-fix-pair x y defaultp))

(compile-time-defun pairify (x &optional (y nil defaultp))
  "As for fix-pair, but returns a list instead of two values."
  (multiple-value-call #'list (do-fix-pair x y defaultp)))

(defun whitespace-char-p (ch)
  "Return whether CH is a whitespace character or not."
  (case ch
    (#.(loop for i below char-code-limit
             for ch = (code-char i)
             unless (with-input-from-string (in (string ch))
                      (peek-char t in nil))
             collect ch)
       t)
    (t nil)))

(defmacro defconstant* (name value &key doc test)
  "Define a constant, like `defconstant'.  The TEST is an equality test used
   to decide whether to override the current definition, if any."
  (let ((temp (gensym)))
    `(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
       (let ((,temp ,value))
         (unless (and (boundp ',name)
                      (funcall ,(or test ''eql) (symbol-value ',name) ,temp))
           (defconstant ,name ,value ,@(and doc (list doc))))
         ',name))))

(declaim (ftype (function nil ()) slot-unitialized))
(defun slot-uninitialized ()
  "A function which signals an error.  Can be used as an initializer form in
   structure definitions without doom ensuing."
  (error "No initializer for slot."))

(compile-time-defun parse-body (body &key (allow-docstring-p t))
  "Given a BODY (a list of forms), parses it into three sections: a
   docstring, a list of declarations (forms beginning with the symbol
   `declare') and the body forms.  The result is returned as three lists
   (even the docstring), suitable for interpolation into a backquoted list
   using `@,'.  If ALLOW-DOCSTRING-P is nil, docstrings aren't allowed at
   all."
  (let ((doc nil) (decls nil))
    (do ((forms body (cdr forms))) (nil)
      (let ((form (and forms (car forms))))
        (cond ((and allow-docstring-p (not doc) (stringp form) (cdr forms))
               (setf doc form))
              ((and (consp form)
                    (eq (car form) 'declare))
               (setf decls (append decls (cdr form))))
              (t (return (values (and doc (list doc))
                                 (and decls (list (cons 'declare decls)))
                                 forms))))))))

(defmacro with-parsed-body
    ((bodyvar declvar &optional (docvar (gensym) docp)) form &body body)
  "Parse FORM into a body, declarations and (maybe) a docstring; bind BODYVAR
   to the body, DECLVAR to the declarations, and DOCVAR to (a list
   containing) the docstring, and evaluate BODY."
  `(multiple-value-bind
       (,docvar ,declvar ,bodyvar)
       (parse-body ,form :allow-docstring-p ,docp)
     ,@(if docp nil `((declare (ignore ,docvar))))
     ,@body))

#-cmu
(progn
  (declaim (inline fixnump))
  (defun fixnump (object)
    "Answer non-nil if OBJECT is a fixnum, or nil if it isn't."
    (typep object 'fixnum)))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Generating symbols.

(defmacro with-gensyms (syms &body body)
  "Everyone's favourite macro helper."
  `(let (,@(mapcar (lambda (sym) `(,sym (gensym ,(symbol-name sym))))
                   (listify syms)))
     ,@body))

(defmacro let*/gensyms (binds &body body)
  "A macro helper.  BINDS is a list of binding pairs (VAR VALUE), where VALUE
   defaults to VAR.  The result is that BODY is evaluated in a context where
   each VAR is bound to a gensym, and in the final expansion, each of those
   gensyms will be bound to the corresponding VALUE."
  (labels ((more (binds)
             (let ((tmp (gensym "TMP")) (bind (car binds)))
               `((let ((,tmp ,(cadr bind))
                       (,(car bind) (gensym ,(symbol-name (car bind)))))
                   `(let ((,,(car bind) ,,tmp))
                      ,,@(if (cdr binds)
                             (more (cdr binds))
                             body)))))))
    (if (null binds)
        `(progn ,@body)
        (car (more (mapcar #'pairify (listify binds)))))))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Some simple yet useful control structures.

(defmacro nlet (name binds &body body)
  "Scheme's named let."
  (multiple-value-bind (vars vals)
      (loop for bind in binds
            for (var val) = (pairify bind nil)
            collect var into vars
            collect val into vals
            finally (return (values vars vals)))
    `(labels ((,name ,vars
                ,@body))
       (,name ,@vals))))

(defmacro while (cond &body body)
  "If COND is false, evaluate to nil; otherwise evaluate BODY and try again."
  `(loop (unless ,cond (return)) (progn ,@body)))

(defmacro until (cond &body body)
  "If COND is true, evaluate to nil; otherwise evaluate BODY and try again."
  `(loop (when ,cond (return)) (progn ,@body)))

(compile-time-defun do-case2-like (kind vform clauses)
  "Helper function for `case2' and `ecase2'."
  (with-gensyms (scrutinee argument)
    `(multiple-value-bind (,scrutinee ,argument) ,vform
       (declare (ignorable ,argument))
       (,kind ,scrutinee
         ,@(mapcar (lambda (clause)
                     (destructuring-bind
                         (cases (&optional varx vary) &rest forms)
                         clause
                       `(,cases
                         ,@(if varx
                               (list `(let ((,(or vary varx) ,argument)
                                            ,@(and vary
                                                   `((,varx ,scrutinee))))
                                        ,@forms))
                               forms))))
                   clauses)))))

(defmacro case2 (vform &body clauses)
  "VFORM is a form which evaluates to two values, SCRUTINEE and ARGUMENT.
   The CLAUSES have the form (CASES ([[SCRUVAR] ARGVAR]) FORMS...), where a
   standard `case' clause has the form (CASES FORMS...).  The `case2' form
   evaluates the VFORM, and compares the SCRUTINEE to the various CASES, in
   order, just like `case'.  If there is a match, then the corresponding
   FORMs are evaluated with ARGVAR bound to the ARGUMENT and SCRUVAR bound to
   the SCRUTINEE (where specified).  Note the bizarre defaulting behaviour:
   ARGVAR is less optional than SCRUVAR."
  (do-case2-like 'case vform clauses))

(defmacro ecase2 (vform &body clauses)
  "Like `case2', but signals an error if no clause matches the SCRUTINEE."
  (do-case2-like 'ecase vform clauses))

(defmacro setf-default (&rest specs &environment env)
  "Like setf, but only sets places which are currently nil.

   The arguments are an alternating list of PLACEs and DEFAULTs.  If a PLACE
   is nil, the DEFAULT is evaluated and stored in the PLACE; otherwise the
   default is /not/ stored.  The result is the (new) value of the last
   PLACE."
  (labels ((doit (specs)
             (cond ((null specs) nil)
                   ((null (cdr specs))
                    (error "Odd number of arguments for SETF-DEFAULT."))
                   (t
                    (let ((place (car specs))
                          (default (cadr specs))
                          (rest (cddr specs)))
                      (multiple-value-bind
                          (vars vals store-vals writer reader)
                          (get-setf-expansion place env)
                        `(let* ,(mapcar #'list vars vals)
                           (or ,reader
                               (multiple-value-bind ,store-vals ,default
                                 ,writer))
                           ,@(and rest (list (doit rest))))))))))
    (doit specs)))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Capturing places as symbols.

(defmacro %place-ref (getform setform newtmp)
  "Grim helper macro for with-places."
  (declare (ignore setform newtmp))
  getform)

(define-setf-expander %place-ref (getform setform newtmp)
  "Grim helper macro for with-places."
  (values nil nil newtmp setform getform))

(defmacro with-places ((&key environment) places &body body)
  "A hairy helper, for writing setf-like macros.  PLACES is a list of binding
   pairs (VAR PLACE), where PLACE defaults to VAR.  The result is that BODY
   is evaluated in a context where each VAR is bound to a gensym, and in the
   final expansion, each of those gensyms will be bound to a symbol-macro
   capable of reading or setting the value of the corresponding PLACE."
  (if (null places)
      `(progn ,@body)
      (let*/gensyms (environment)
        (labels
            ((more (places)
               (let ((place (car places)))
                 (with-gensyms (tmp valtmps valforms
                                    newtmps setform getform)
                   `((let ((,tmp ,(cadr place))
                           (,(car place)
                            (gensym ,(symbol-name (car place)))))
                       (multiple-value-bind
                           (,valtmps ,valforms
                            ,newtmps ,setform ,getform)
                           (get-setf-expansion ,tmp
                                               ,environment)
                         (list 'let*
                               (mapcar #'list ,valtmps ,valforms)
                               `(symbol-macrolet ((,,(car place)
                                                   (%place-ref ,,getform
                                                               ,,setform
                                                               ,,newtmps)))
                                  ,,@(if (cdr places)
                                         (more (cdr places))
                                         body))))))))))
          (car (more (mapcar #'pairify (listify places))))))))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Update-in-place macros built using with-places.

(defmacro update-place (op place &rest args &environment env)
  "Update PLACE with (OP PLACE . ARGS), returning the new value."
  (with-places (:environment env) (place)
    `(setf ,place (,op ,place ,@args))))

(defmacro update-place-after (op place &rest args &environment env)
  "Update PLACE with (OP PLACE . ARGS), returning the old value."
  (with-places (:environment env) (place)
    (with-gensyms (x)
      `(let ((,x ,place))
         (setf ,place (,op ,x ,@args))
         ,x))))

(defmacro incf-after (place &optional (by 1))
  "Increment PLACE by BY, returning the old value."
  `(update-place-after + ,place ,by))

(defmacro decf-after (place &optional (by 1))
  "Decrement PLACE by BY, returning the old value."
  `(update-place-after - ,place ,by))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Locatives.

(defstruct (loc (:predicate locp) (:constructor make-loc (reader writer)))
  "Locative data type.  See `locf' and `ref'."
  (reader (slot-uninitialized) :type function)
  (writer (slot-uninitialized) :type function))

(defmacro locf (place &environment env)
  "Slightly cheesy locatives.  (locf PLACE) returns an object which, using
   the `ref' function, can be used to read or set the value of PLACE.  It's
   cheesy because it uses closures rather than actually taking the address of
   something.  Also, unlike Zetalisp, we don't overload `car' to do our dirty
   work."
  (multiple-value-bind
      (valtmps valforms newtmps setform getform)
      (get-setf-expansion place env)
    `(let* (,@(mapcar #'list valtmps valforms))
       (make-loc (lambda () ,getform)
                 (lambda (,@newtmps) ,setform)))))

(declaim (inline loc (setf loc)))

(defun ref (loc)
  "Fetch the value referred to by a locative."
  (funcall (loc-reader loc)))

(defun (setf ref) (new loc)
  "Store a new value in the place referred to by a locative."
  (funcall (loc-writer loc) new))

(defmacro with-locatives (locs &body body)
  "LOCS is a list of items of the form (SYM [LOC-EXPR]), where SYM is a
   symbol and LOC-EXPR evaluates to a locative.  If LOC-EXPR is omitted, it
   defaults to SYM.  As an abbreviation for a common case, LOCS may be a
   symbol instead of a list.  The BODY is evaluated in an environment where
   each SYM is a symbol macro which expands to (ref LOC-EXPR) -- or, in fact,
   something similar which doesn't break if LOC-EXPR has side-effects.  Thus,
   references, including `setf' forms, fetch or modify the thing referred to
   by the LOC-EXPR.  Useful for covering over where something uses a
   locative."
  (setf locs (mapcar #'pairify (listify locs)))
  (let ((tt (mapcar (lambda (l) (declare (ignore l)) (gensym)) locs))
        (ll (mapcar #'cadr locs))
        (ss (mapcar #'car locs)))
    `(let (,@(mapcar (lambda (tmp loc) `(,tmp ,loc)) tt ll))
       (symbol-macrolet (,@(mapcar (lambda (sym tmp)
                                     `(,sym (ref ,tmp))) ss tt))
         ,@body))))

;;;----- That's all, folks --------------------------------------------------