2 * Bignum routines for RSA and DH and stuff.
9 #define BIGNUM_INTERNAL
10 typedef unsigned short *Bignum
;
14 unsigned short bnZero
[1] = { 0 };
15 unsigned short bnOne
[2] = { 1, 1 };
18 * The Bignum format is an array of `unsigned short'. The first
19 * element of the array counts the remaining elements. The
20 * remaining elements express the actual number, base 2^16, _least_
21 * significant digit first. (So it's trivial to extract the bit
22 * with value 2^n for any n.)
24 * All Bignums in this module are positive. Negative numbers must
25 * be dealt with outside it.
27 * INVARIANT: the most significant word of any Bignum must be
31 Bignum Zero
= bnZero
, One
= bnOne
;
33 static Bignum
newbn(int length
) {
34 Bignum b
= smalloc((length
+1)*sizeof(unsigned short));
37 memset(b
, 0, (length
+1)*sizeof(*b
));
42 void bn_restore_invariant(Bignum b
) {
43 while (b
[0] > 1 && b
[b
[0]] == 0) b
[0]--;
46 Bignum
copybn(Bignum orig
) {
47 Bignum b
= smalloc((orig
[0]+1)*sizeof(unsigned short));
50 memcpy(b
, orig
, (orig
[0]+1)*sizeof(*b
));
54 void freebn(Bignum b
) {
56 * Burn the evidence, just in case.
58 memset(b
, 0, sizeof(b
[0]) * (b
[0] + 1));
62 Bignum
bn_power_2(int n
) {
63 Bignum ret
= newbn((n
+15)/16);
64 bignum_set_bit(ret
, n
, 1);
70 * Input is in the first len words of a and b.
71 * Result is returned in the first 2*len words of c.
73 static void internal_mul(unsigned short *a
, unsigned short *b
,
74 unsigned short *c
, int len
)
79 for (j
= 0; j
< 2*len
; j
++)
82 for (i
= len
- 1; i
>= 0; i
--) {
85 for (j
= len
- 1; j
>= 0; j
--) {
86 t
+= ai
* (unsigned long) b
[j
];
87 t
+= (unsigned long) c
[i
+j
+1];
88 c
[i
+j
+1] = (unsigned short)t
;
91 c
[i
] = (unsigned short)t
;
95 static void internal_add_shifted(unsigned short *number
,
96 unsigned n
, int shift
) {
97 int word
= 1 + (shift
/ 16);
98 int bshift
= shift
% 16;
101 addend
= n
<< bshift
;
104 addend
+= number
[word
];
105 number
[word
] = (unsigned short) addend
& 0xFFFF;
113 * Input in first alen words of a and first mlen words of m.
114 * Output in first alen words of a
115 * (of which first alen-mlen words will be zero).
116 * The MSW of m MUST have its high bit set.
117 * Quotient is accumulated in the `quotient' array, which is a Bignum
118 * rather than the internal bigendian format. Quotient parts are shifted
119 * left by `qshift' before adding into quot.
121 static void internal_mod(unsigned short *a
, int alen
,
122 unsigned short *m
, int mlen
,
123 unsigned short *quot
, int qshift
)
125 unsigned short m0
, m1
;
135 for (i
= 0; i
<= alen
-mlen
; i
++) {
137 unsigned int q
, r
, c
, ai1
;
151 /* Find q = h:a[i] / m0 */
152 t
= ((unsigned long) h
<< 16) + a
[i
];
156 /* Refine our estimate of q by looking at
157 h:a[i]:a[i+1] / m0:m1 */
158 t
= (long) m1
* (long) q
;
159 if (t
> ((unsigned long) r
<< 16) + ai1
) {
162 r
= (r
+ m0
) & 0xffff; /* overflow? */
163 if (r
>= (unsigned long)m0
&&
164 t
> ((unsigned long) r
<< 16) + ai1
)
168 /* Subtract q * m from a[i...] */
170 for (k
= mlen
- 1; k
>= 0; k
--) {
171 t
= (long) q
* (long) m
[k
];
174 if ((unsigned short) t
> a
[i
+k
]) c
++;
175 a
[i
+k
] -= (unsigned short) t
;
178 /* Add back m in case of borrow */
181 for (k
= mlen
- 1; k
>= 0; k
--) {
184 a
[i
+k
] = (unsigned short)t
;
190 internal_add_shifted(quot
, q
, qshift
+ 16 * (alen
-mlen
-i
));
195 * Compute (base ^ exp) % mod.
196 * The base MUST be smaller than the modulus.
197 * The most significant word of mod MUST be non-zero.
198 * We assume that the result array is the same size as the mod array.
200 Bignum
modpow(Bignum base
, Bignum exp
, Bignum mod
)
202 unsigned short *a
, *b
, *n
, *m
;
207 /* Allocate m of size mlen, copy mod to m */
208 /* We use big endian internally */
210 m
= smalloc(mlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
211 for (j
= 0; j
< mlen
; j
++) m
[j
] = mod
[mod
[0] - j
];
213 /* Shift m left to make msb bit set */
214 for (mshift
= 0; mshift
< 15; mshift
++)
215 if ((m
[0] << mshift
) & 0x8000) break;
217 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
- 1; i
++)
218 m
[i
] = (m
[i
] << mshift
) | (m
[i
+1] >> (16-mshift
));
219 m
[mlen
-1] = m
[mlen
-1] << mshift
;
222 /* Allocate n of size mlen, copy base to n */
223 n
= smalloc(mlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
225 for (j
= 0; j
< i
; j
++) n
[j
] = 0;
226 for (j
= 0; j
< base
[0]; j
++) n
[i
+j
] = base
[base
[0] - j
];
228 /* Allocate a and b of size 2*mlen. Set a = 1 */
229 a
= smalloc(2 * mlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
230 b
= smalloc(2 * mlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
231 for (i
= 0; i
< 2*mlen
; i
++) a
[i
] = 0;
234 /* Skip leading zero bits of exp. */
236 while (i
< exp
[0] && (exp
[exp
[0] - i
] & (1 << j
)) == 0) {
238 if (j
< 0) { i
++; j
= 15; }
241 /* Main computation */
244 internal_mul(a
+ mlen
, a
+ mlen
, b
, mlen
);
245 internal_mod(b
, mlen
*2, m
, mlen
, NULL
, 0);
246 if ((exp
[exp
[0] - i
] & (1 << j
)) != 0) {
247 internal_mul(b
+ mlen
, n
, a
, mlen
);
248 internal_mod(a
, mlen
*2, m
, mlen
, NULL
, 0);
258 /* Fixup result in case the modulus was shifted */
260 for (i
= mlen
- 1; i
< 2*mlen
- 1; i
++)
261 a
[i
] = (a
[i
] << mshift
) | (a
[i
+1] >> (16-mshift
));
262 a
[2*mlen
-1] = a
[2*mlen
-1] << mshift
;
263 internal_mod(a
, mlen
*2, m
, mlen
, NULL
, 0);
264 for (i
= 2*mlen
- 1; i
>= mlen
; i
--)
265 a
[i
] = (a
[i
] >> mshift
) | (a
[i
-1] << (16-mshift
));
268 /* Copy result to buffer */
269 result
= newbn(mod
[0]);
270 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++)
271 result
[result
[0] - i
] = a
[i
+mlen
];
272 while (result
[0] > 1 && result
[result
[0]] == 0) result
[0]--;
274 /* Free temporary arrays */
275 for (i
= 0; i
< 2*mlen
; i
++) a
[i
] = 0; sfree(a
);
276 for (i
= 0; i
< 2*mlen
; i
++) b
[i
] = 0; sfree(b
);
277 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++) m
[i
] = 0; sfree(m
);
278 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++) n
[i
] = 0; sfree(n
);
284 * Compute (p * q) % mod.
285 * The most significant word of mod MUST be non-zero.
286 * We assume that the result array is the same size as the mod array.
288 Bignum
modmul(Bignum p
, Bignum q
, Bignum mod
)
290 unsigned short *a
, *n
, *m
, *o
;
292 int pqlen
, mlen
, i
, j
;
295 /* Allocate m of size mlen, copy mod to m */
296 /* We use big endian internally */
298 m
= smalloc(mlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
299 for (j
= 0; j
< mlen
; j
++) m
[j
] = mod
[mod
[0] - j
];
301 /* Shift m left to make msb bit set */
302 for (mshift
= 0; mshift
< 15; mshift
++)
303 if ((m
[0] << mshift
) & 0x8000) break;
305 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
- 1; i
++)
306 m
[i
] = (m
[i
] << mshift
) | (m
[i
+1] >> (16-mshift
));
307 m
[mlen
-1] = m
[mlen
-1] << mshift
;
310 pqlen
= (p
[0] > q
[0] ? p
[0] : q
[0]);
312 /* Allocate n of size pqlen, copy p to n */
313 n
= smalloc(pqlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
315 for (j
= 0; j
< i
; j
++) n
[j
] = 0;
316 for (j
= 0; j
< p
[0]; j
++) n
[i
+j
] = p
[p
[0] - j
];
318 /* Allocate o of size pqlen, copy q to o */
319 o
= smalloc(pqlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
321 for (j
= 0; j
< i
; j
++) o
[j
] = 0;
322 for (j
= 0; j
< q
[0]; j
++) o
[i
+j
] = q
[q
[0] - j
];
324 /* Allocate a of size 2*pqlen for result */
325 a
= smalloc(2 * pqlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
327 /* Main computation */
328 internal_mul(n
, o
, a
, pqlen
);
329 internal_mod(a
, pqlen
*2, m
, mlen
, NULL
, 0);
331 /* Fixup result in case the modulus was shifted */
333 for (i
= 2*pqlen
- mlen
- 1; i
< 2*pqlen
- 1; i
++)
334 a
[i
] = (a
[i
] << mshift
) | (a
[i
+1] >> (16-mshift
));
335 a
[2*pqlen
-1] = a
[2*pqlen
-1] << mshift
;
336 internal_mod(a
, pqlen
*2, m
, mlen
, NULL
, 0);
337 for (i
= 2*pqlen
- 1; i
>= 2*pqlen
- mlen
; i
--)
338 a
[i
] = (a
[i
] >> mshift
) | (a
[i
-1] << (16-mshift
));
341 /* Copy result to buffer */
342 result
= newbn(mod
[0]);
343 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++)
344 result
[result
[0] - i
] = a
[i
+2*pqlen
-mlen
];
345 while (result
[0] > 1 && result
[result
[0]] == 0) result
[0]--;
347 /* Free temporary arrays */
348 for (i
= 0; i
< 2*pqlen
; i
++) a
[i
] = 0; sfree(a
);
349 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++) m
[i
] = 0; sfree(m
);
350 for (i
= 0; i
< pqlen
; i
++) n
[i
] = 0; sfree(n
);
351 for (i
= 0; i
< pqlen
; i
++) o
[i
] = 0; sfree(o
);
358 * The most significant word of mod MUST be non-zero.
359 * We assume that the result array is the same size as the mod array.
360 * We optionally write out a quotient.
362 void bigmod(Bignum p
, Bignum mod
, Bignum result
, Bignum quotient
)
364 unsigned short *n
, *m
;
366 int plen
, mlen
, i
, j
;
368 /* Allocate m of size mlen, copy mod to m */
369 /* We use big endian internally */
371 m
= smalloc(mlen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
372 for (j
= 0; j
< mlen
; j
++) m
[j
] = mod
[mod
[0] - j
];
374 /* Shift m left to make msb bit set */
375 for (mshift
= 0; mshift
< 15; mshift
++)
376 if ((m
[0] << mshift
) & 0x8000) break;
378 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
- 1; i
++)
379 m
[i
] = (m
[i
] << mshift
) | (m
[i
+1] >> (16-mshift
));
380 m
[mlen
-1] = m
[mlen
-1] << mshift
;
384 /* Ensure plen > mlen */
385 if (plen
<= mlen
) plen
= mlen
+1;
387 /* Allocate n of size plen, copy p to n */
388 n
= smalloc(plen
* sizeof(unsigned short));
389 for (j
= 0; j
< plen
; j
++) n
[j
] = 0;
390 for (j
= 1; j
<= p
[0]; j
++) n
[plen
-j
] = p
[j
];
392 /* Main computation */
393 internal_mod(n
, plen
, m
, mlen
, quotient
, mshift
);
395 /* Fixup result in case the modulus was shifted */
397 for (i
= plen
- mlen
- 1; i
< plen
- 1; i
++)
398 n
[i
] = (n
[i
] << mshift
) | (n
[i
+1] >> (16-mshift
));
399 n
[plen
-1] = n
[plen
-1] << mshift
;
400 internal_mod(n
, plen
, m
, mlen
, quotient
, 0);
401 for (i
= plen
- 1; i
>= plen
- mlen
; i
--)
402 n
[i
] = (n
[i
] >> mshift
) | (n
[i
-1] << (16-mshift
));
405 /* Copy result to buffer */
406 for (i
= 1; i
<= result
[0]; i
++) {
408 result
[i
] = j
>=0 ? n
[j
] : 0;
411 /* Free temporary arrays */
412 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++) m
[i
] = 0; sfree(m
);
413 for (i
= 0; i
< plen
; i
++) n
[i
] = 0; sfree(n
);
417 * Decrement a number.
419 void decbn(Bignum bn
) {
421 while (i
< bn
[0] && bn
[i
] == 0)
426 Bignum
bignum_from_bytes(unsigned char *data
, int nbytes
) {
430 w
= (nbytes
+1)/2; /* bytes -> words */
435 for (i
=nbytes
; i
-- ;) {
436 unsigned char byte
= *data
++;
438 result
[1+i
/2] |= byte
<<8;
440 result
[1+i
/2] |= byte
;
443 while (result
[0] > 1 && result
[result
[0]] == 0) result
[0]--;
448 * Read an ssh1-format bignum from a data buffer. Return the number
451 int ssh1_read_bignum(unsigned char *data
, Bignum
*result
) {
452 unsigned char *p
= data
;
459 b
= (w
+7)/8; /* bits -> bytes */
461 if (!result
) /* just return length */
464 *result
= bignum_from_bytes(p
, b
);
470 * Return the bit count of a bignum, for ssh1 encoding.
472 int ssh1_bignum_bitcount(Bignum bn
) {
473 int bitcount
= bn
[0] * 16 - 1;
474 while (bitcount
>= 0 && (bn
[bitcount
/16+1] >> (bitcount
% 16)) == 0)
480 * Return the byte length of a bignum when ssh1 encoded.
482 int ssh1_bignum_length(Bignum bn
) {
483 return 2 + (ssh1_bignum_bitcount(bn
)+7)/8;
487 * Return a byte from a bignum; 0 is least significant, etc.
489 int bignum_byte(Bignum bn
, int i
) {
491 return 0; /* beyond the end */
493 return (bn
[i
/2+1] >> 8) & 0xFF;
495 return (bn
[i
/2+1] ) & 0xFF;
499 * Return a bit from a bignum; 0 is least significant, etc.
501 int bignum_bit(Bignum bn
, int i
) {
503 return 0; /* beyond the end */
505 return (bn
[i
/16+1] >> (i
%16)) & 1;
509 * Set a bit in a bignum; 0 is least significant, etc.
511 void bignum_set_bit(Bignum bn
, int bitnum
, int value
) {
512 if (bitnum
>= 16*bn
[0])
513 abort(); /* beyond the end */
516 int mask
= 1 << (bitnum
%16);
525 * Write a ssh1-format bignum into a buffer. It is assumed the
526 * buffer is big enough. Returns the number of bytes used.
528 int ssh1_write_bignum(void *data
, Bignum bn
) {
529 unsigned char *p
= data
;
530 int len
= ssh1_bignum_length(bn
);
532 int bitc
= ssh1_bignum_bitcount(bn
);
534 *p
++ = (bitc
>> 8) & 0xFF;
535 *p
++ = (bitc
) & 0xFF;
536 for (i
= len
-2; i
-- ;)
537 *p
++ = bignum_byte(bn
, i
);
542 * Compare two bignums. Returns like strcmp.
544 int bignum_cmp(Bignum a
, Bignum b
) {
545 int amax
= a
[0], bmax
= b
[0];
546 int i
= (amax
> bmax ? amax
: bmax
);
548 unsigned short aval
= (i
> amax ?
0 : a
[i
]);
549 unsigned short bval
= (i
> bmax ?
0 : b
[i
]);
550 if (aval
< bval
) return -1;
551 if (aval
> bval
) return +1;
558 * Right-shift one bignum to form another.
560 Bignum
bignum_rshift(Bignum a
, int shift
) {
562 int i
, shiftw
, shiftb
, shiftbb
, bits
;
563 unsigned short ai
, ai1
;
565 bits
= ssh1_bignum_bitcount(a
) - shift
;
566 ret
= newbn((bits
+15)/16);
571 shiftbb
= 16 - shiftb
;
574 for (i
= 1; i
<= ret
[0]; i
++) {
576 ai1
= (i
+shiftw
+1 <= a
[0] ? a
[i
+shiftw
+1] : 0);
577 ret
[i
] = ((ai
>> shiftb
) | (ai1
<< shiftbb
)) & 0xFFFF;
585 * Non-modular multiplication and addition.
587 Bignum
bigmuladd(Bignum a
, Bignum b
, Bignum addend
) {
588 int alen
= a
[0], blen
= b
[0];
589 int mlen
= (alen
> blen ? alen
: blen
);
590 int rlen
, i
, maxspot
;
591 unsigned short *workspace
;
594 /* mlen space for a, mlen space for b, 2*mlen for result */
595 workspace
= smalloc(mlen
* 4 * sizeof(unsigned short));
596 for (i
= 0; i
< mlen
; i
++) {
597 workspace
[0*mlen
+ i
] = (mlen
-i
<= a
[0] ? a
[mlen
-i
] : 0);
598 workspace
[1*mlen
+ i
] = (mlen
-i
<= b
[0] ? b
[mlen
-i
] : 0);
601 internal_mul(workspace
+0*mlen
, workspace
+1*mlen
, workspace
+2*mlen
, mlen
);
603 /* now just copy the result back */
604 rlen
= alen
+ blen
+ 1;
605 if (addend
&& rlen
<= addend
[0])
606 rlen
= addend
[0] + 1;
609 for (i
= 1; i
<= ret
[0]; i
++) {
610 ret
[i
] = (i
<= 2*mlen ? workspace
[4*mlen
- i
] : 0);
616 /* now add in the addend, if any */
618 unsigned long carry
= 0;
619 for (i
= 1; i
<= rlen
; i
++) {
620 carry
+= (i
<= ret
[0] ? ret
[i
] : 0);
621 carry
+= (i
<= addend
[0] ? addend
[i
] : 0);
622 ret
[i
] = (unsigned short) carry
& 0xFFFF;
624 if (ret
[i
] != 0 && i
> maxspot
)
634 * Non-modular multiplication.
636 Bignum
bigmul(Bignum a
, Bignum b
) {
637 return bigmuladd(a
, b
, NULL
);
641 * Create a bignum which is the bitmask covering another one. That
642 * is, the smallest integer which is >= N and is also one less than
645 Bignum
bignum_bitmask(Bignum n
) {
646 Bignum ret
= copybn(n
);
651 while (n
[i
] == 0 && i
> 0)
654 return ret
; /* input was zero */
665 * Convert a (max 16-bit) short into a bignum.
667 Bignum
bignum_from_short(unsigned short n
) {
672 ret
[2] = (n
>> 16) & 0xFFFF;
673 ret
[0] = (ret
[2] ?
2 : 1);
678 * Add a long to a bignum.
680 Bignum
bignum_add_long(Bignum number
, unsigned long addend
) {
681 Bignum ret
= newbn(number
[0]+1);
683 unsigned long carry
= 0;
685 for (i
= 1; i
<= ret
[0]; i
++) {
686 carry
+= addend
& 0xFFFF;
687 carry
+= (i
<= number
[0] ? number
[i
] : 0);
689 ret
[i
] = (unsigned short) carry
& 0xFFFF;
699 * Compute the residue of a bignum, modulo a (max 16-bit) short.
701 unsigned short bignum_mod_short(Bignum number
, unsigned short modulus
) {
702 unsigned long mod
, r
;
707 for (i
= number
[0]; i
> 0; i
--)
708 r
= (r
* 65536 + number
[i
]) % mod
;
709 return (unsigned short) r
;
712 void diagbn(char *prefix
, Bignum md
) {
713 int i
, nibbles
, morenibbles
;
714 static const char hex
[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
716 printf("%s0x", prefix ? prefix
: "");
718 nibbles
= (3 + ssh1_bignum_bitcount(md
))/4; if (nibbles
<1) nibbles
=1;
719 morenibbles
= 4*md
[0] - nibbles
;
720 for (i
=0; i
<morenibbles
; i
++) putchar('-');
721 for (i
=nibbles
; i
-- ;)
722 putchar(hex
[(bignum_byte(md
, i
/2) >> (4*(i
%2))) & 0xF]);
724 if (prefix
) putchar('\n');
728 * Greatest common divisor.
730 Bignum
biggcd(Bignum av
, Bignum bv
) {
731 Bignum a
= copybn(av
);
732 Bignum b
= copybn(bv
);
736 while (bignum_cmp(b
, Zero
) != 0) {
737 Bignum t
= newbn(b
[0]);
738 bigmod(a
, b
, t
, NULL
);
740 while (t
[0] > 1 && t
[t
[0]] == 0) t
[0]--;
751 * Modular inverse, using Euclid's extended algorithm.
753 Bignum
modinv(Bignum number
, Bignum modulus
) {
754 Bignum a
= copybn(modulus
);
755 Bignum b
= copybn(number
);
756 Bignum xp
= copybn(Zero
);
757 Bignum x
= copybn(One
);
760 while (bignum_cmp(b
, One
) != 0) {
761 Bignum t
= newbn(b
[0]);
762 Bignum q
= newbn(a
[0]);
764 while (t
[0] > 1 && t
[t
[0]] == 0) t
[0]--;
770 x
= bigmuladd(q
, xp
, t
);
779 /* now we know that sign * x == 1, and that x < modulus */
781 /* set a new x to be modulus - x */
782 Bignum newx
= newbn(modulus
[0]);
783 unsigned short carry
= 0;
787 for (i
= 1; i
<= newx
[0]; i
++) {
788 unsigned short aword
= (i
<= modulus
[0] ? modulus
[i
] : 0);
789 unsigned short bword
= (i
<= x
[0] ? x
[i
] : 0);
790 newx
[i
] = aword
- bword
- carry
;
792 carry
= carry ?
(newx
[i
] >= bword
) : (newx
[i
] > bword
);
806 * Render a bignum into decimal. Return a malloced string holding
807 * the decimal representation.
809 char *bignum_decimal(Bignum x
) {
814 unsigned short *workspace
;
817 * First, estimate the number of digits. Since log(10)/log(2)
818 * is just greater than 93/28 (the joys of continued fraction
819 * approximations...) we know that for every 93 bits, we need
820 * at most 28 digits. This will tell us how much to malloc.
822 * Formally: if x has i bits, that means x is strictly less
823 * than 2^i. Since 2 is less than 10^(28/93), this is less than
824 * 10^(28i/93). We need an integer power of ten, so we must
825 * round up (rounding down might make it less than x again).
826 * Therefore if we multiply the bit count by 28/93, rounding
827 * up, we will have enough digits.
829 i
= ssh1_bignum_bitcount(x
);
830 ndigits
= (28*i
+ 92)/93; /* multiply by 28/93 and round up */
831 ndigits
++; /* allow for trailing \0 */
832 ret
= smalloc(ndigits
);
835 * Now allocate some workspace to hold the binary form as we
836 * repeatedly divide it by ten. Initialise this to the
837 * big-endian form of the number.
839 workspace
= smalloc(sizeof(unsigned short) * x
[0]);
840 for (i
= 0; i
< x
[0]; i
++)
841 workspace
[i
] = x
[x
[0] - i
];
844 * Next, write the decimal number starting with the last digit.
845 * We use ordinary short division, dividing 10 into the
853 for (i
= 0; i
< x
[0]; i
++) {
854 carry
= (carry
<< 16) + workspace
[i
];
855 workspace
[i
] = (unsigned short) (carry
/ 10);
860 ret
[--ndigit
] = (char)(carry
+ '0');
864 * There's a chance we've fallen short of the start of the
865 * string. Correct if so.
868 memmove(ret
, ret
+ndigit
, ndigits
-ndigit
);