[sod] / src / codegen-proto.lisp

;;; -*-lisp-*-
;;;
;;; Code generation protocol
;;;
;;; (c) 2009 Straylight/Edgeware
;;;

;;;----- Licensing notice ---------------------------------------------------
;;;
;;; This file is part of the Sensible Object Design, an object system for C.
;;;
;;; SOD is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
;;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
;;; (at your option) any later version.
;;;
;;; SOD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;;; GNU General Public License for more details.
;;;
;;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;;; along with SOD; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
;;; Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

(cl:in-package #:sod)

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Temporary names.

;; Protocol.

(export 'format-temporary-name)
(defgeneric format-temporary-name (var stream)
  (:documentation
   "Write the name of a temporary variable VAR to STREAM."))

(export 'var-in-use-p)
(defgeneric var-in-use-p (var)
  (:documentation
   "Answer whether VAR is currently being used.  See `with-temporary-var'.")
  (:method (var)
    "Non-temporary variables are always in use."
    (declare (ignore var))
    t))
(defgeneric (setf var-in-use-p) (value var)
  (:documentation
   "Record whether VAR is currently being used.  See `with-temporary-var'."))

;; Root class.

(export '(temporary-name temp-tag))
(defclass temporary-name ()
  ((tag :initarg :tag :reader temp-tag))
  (:documentation
   "Base class for temporary variable and argument names."))

;; Important temporary names.

(export '(*sod-ap* *sod-master-ap*))
(defparameter *sod-ap*
  (make-instance 'temporary-name :tag "sod__ap"))
(defparameter *sod-master-ap*
  (make-instance 'temporary-name :tag "sod__master_ap"))
(defparameter *sod-tmp-ap*
  (make-instance 'temporary-name :tag "sod__tmp_ap"))
(defparameter *sod-tmp-val*
  (make-instance 'temporary-name :tag "sod__t"))
(defparameter *sod-keywords*
  (make-instance 'temporary-name :tag "sod__kw"))
(defparameter *sod-key-pointer*
  (make-instance 'temporary-name :tag "sod__keys"))

(export '*null-pointer*)
(defparameter *null-pointer* "NULL")

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Instructions.

;; Classes.

(export 'inst)
(defclass inst () ()
  (:documentation
   "A base class for instructions.

   An `instruction' is anything which might be useful to string into a code
   generator.  Both statements and expressions can be represented by trees of
   instructions.  The `definst' macro is a convenient way of defining new
   instructions.

   The only important protocol for instructions is output, which is achieved
   by calling `print-object' with `*print-escape*' nil.

   This doesn't really do very much, but it acts as a handy marker for
   instruction subclasses."))

(export 'inst-metric)
(defgeneric inst-metric (inst)
  (:documentation
   "Returns a `metric' describing how complicated INST is.

   The default metric of an inst node is simply 1; `inst' subclasses
   generated by `definst' (q.v.) have an automatically generated method which
   returns one plus the sum of the metrics of the node's children.

   This isn't intended to be a particularly rigorous definition.  Its purpose
   is to allow code generators to make decisions about inlining or calling
   code fairly simply.")
  (:method ((inst t))
    (declare (ignore inst))
    1)
  (:method ((inst null))
    (declare (ignore inst))
    1)
  (:method ((inst list))
    (reduce #'+ inst :key #'inst-metric)))

;; Instruction definition.

(export 'definst)
(defmacro definst (code (streamvar &key export) args &body body)
  "Define an instruction type and describe how to output it.

   An `inst' can represent any structured piece of output syntax: a
   statement, expression or declaration, for example.  This macro defines the
   following things:

     * A class `CODE-inst' to represent the instruction.

     * Instance slots named after the ARGS, with matching keyword initargs,
       and `inst-ARG' readers.

     * A constructor `make-CODE-inst' which accepts the ARGS (as an ordinary
       BVL) as arguments and returns a fresh instance.

     * A print method, which prints a diagnostic dump if `*print-escape*' is
       set, or invokes the BODY (with STREAMVAR bound to the output stream)
       otherwise.  The BODY is expected to produce target code at this
       point.

   The ARGS are an ordinary lambda-list, with the following quirks:

     * Where an argument-name symbol is expected (as opposed to a list), a
       list (ARG SLOT) may be written instead.  This allows the slots to be
       named independently of the argument names, which is handy if they'd
       otherwise conflict with exported symbol names.

     * If an argument name begins with a `%' character, then the `%' is
       stripped off, except when naming the actual slot.  Hence, `%FOO' is
       equivalent to a list `(FOO %FOO)', except that a `%'-symbol can be
       used even where the lambda-list syntax permits a list.

   If EXPORT is non-nil, then export the `CODE-inst' and `make-CODE-inst'
   symbols."

  (multiple-value-bind (bvl public private)
      ;; The hard part of this is digging through the BVL to find the slot
      ;; names.  Collect them into an actual BVL which will be acceptable to
      ;; `defun', and (matching) lists of the PUBLIC and PRIVATE names of the
      ;; slots.

      (let ((state :mandatory)
            (bvl (make-list-builder))
            (public (make-list-builder))
            (private (make-list-builder)))

        (labels ((recurse-arg (arg path)
                   ;; Figure out the argument name in ARG, which might be a
                   ;; symbol or a list with the actual argument name buried
                   ;; in it somewhere.  Once we've found it, return the
                   ;; appropriate entries to add to the BVL, PUBLIC, and
                   ;; PRIVATE lists.
                   ;;
                   ;; The PATH indicates a route to take through the tree to
                   ;; find the actual argument name: it's a list of
                   ;; nonnegative integers, one for each level of structure:
                   ;; the integer indicates which element of the list at that
                   ;; level to descend into to find the argument name
                   ;; according to the usual BVL syntax.  It's always
                   ;; acceptable for a level to actually be a symbol, which
                   ;; is then the argument name we were after.  If we reach
                   ;; the bottom and we still have a list, then it must be a
                   ;; (PUBLIC PRIVATE) pair.

                   (cond ((symbolp arg)
                          ;; We've bottommed out at a symbol.  If it starts
                          ;; with a `%' then that's the private name: strip
                          ;; the `%' to find the public name.  Otherwise, the
                          ;; symbol is all we have.

                          (let ((name (symbol-name arg)))
                            (if (and (plusp (length name))
                                     (char= (char name 0) #\%))
                                (let ((public (intern (subseq name 1))))
                                  (values public public arg))
                                (values arg arg arg))))

                         ((atom arg)
                          ;; Any other kind of atom is obviously bogus.
                          (error "Unexpected item ~S in lambda-list." arg))

                         ((null path)
                          ;; We've bottommed out of the path and still have a
                          ;; list.  It must be (PUBLIC PRIVATE).

                          (multiple-value-bind (public private)
                              (if (cdr arg) (values (car arg) (cadr arg))
                                  (values (car arg) (car arg)))
                            (values public public private)))

                         (t
                          ;; We have a list.  Take the first step in the
                          ;; PATH, and recursively process corresponding list
                          ;; element with the remainder of the PATH.  The
                          ;; PUBLIC and PRIVATE slot names are fine, but we
                          ;; must splice the given BVL entry into our list
                          ;; structure.

                          (let* ((step (car path))
                                 (mine (nthcdr step arg)))
                            (multiple-value-bind (full public private)
                                (recurse-arg (car mine) (cdr path))
                              (values (append (subseq arg 0 step)
                                              full
                                              (cdr mine))
                                      public
                                      private))))))

                 (hack-arg (arg maxdp)
                   ;; Find the actual argument name in a BVL entry, and add
                   ;; the appropriate entries to the `bvl', `public', and
                   ;; `private' lists.

                   (multiple-value-bind (full public-name private-name)
                       (recurse-arg arg maxdp)
                     (lbuild-add bvl full)
                     (lbuild-add public public-name)
                     (lbuild-add private private-name))))

          ;; Process the augmented BVL, extracting a standard BVL suitable
          ;; for `defun', and the public and private slot names into our
          ;; list.
          (dolist (arg args)
            (cond ((or (eq arg '&optional)
                       (eq arg '&rest)
                       (eq arg '&key)
                       (eq arg '&aux))
                   (setf state arg)
                   (lbuild-add bvl arg))

                  ((eq arg '&allow-other-keys)
                   (lbuild-add bvl arg))

                  ((or (eq state :mandatory)
                       (eq state '&rest))
                   (hack-arg arg '()))

                  ((or (eq state '&optional)
                       (eq state '&aux))
                   (hack-arg arg '(0)))

                  ((eq state '&key)
                   (hack-arg arg '(0 1)))

                  (t
                   (error "Confusion in ~S!" 'definst)))))

        ;; Done!  That was something of a performance.
        (values (lbuild-list bvl)
                (lbuild-list public)
                (lbuild-list private)))

    ;; Now we can actually build the pieces of the code-generation machinery.
    (let* ((inst-var (gensym "INST"))
           (class-name (symbolicate code '-inst))
           (constructor-name (symbolicate 'make- code '-inst))
           (keys (mapcar (lambda (arg) (intern (symbol-name arg) :keyword))
                         public)))

      ;; We have many jobs to do in the expansion.
      `(progn

         ;; A class to hold the data.
         (defclass ,class-name (inst)
           ,(mapcar (lambda (public-slot private-slot key)
                      `(,private-slot :initarg ,key
                              :reader ,(symbolicate 'inst- public-slot)))
                    public private keys))

         ;; A constructor to make an instance of the class.
         (defun ,constructor-name (,@bvl)
           (make-instance ',class-name ,@(mappend #'list keys public)))

         ;; A method on `inst-metric', to feed into inlining heuristics.
         (defmethod inst-metric ((,inst-var ,class-name))
           (with-slots (,@private) ,inst-var
             (+ 1 ,@(mapcar (lambda (slot) `(inst-metric ,slot)) private))))

         ;; A method to actually produce the necessary output.
         (defmethod print-object ((,inst-var ,class-name) ,streamvar)
           (with-slots ,(mapcar #'list public private) ,inst-var
             (if *print-escape*
                 (print-unreadable-object (,inst-var ,streamvar :type t)
                   (format ,streamvar "~@<~@{~S ~@_~S~^ ~_~}~:>"
                           ,@(mappend #'list keys public)))
                 (block ,code ,@body))))

         ;; Maybe export all of this stuff.
         ,@(and export `((export '(,class-name ,constructor-name
                                   ,@(mapcar (lambda (slot)
                                               (symbolicate 'inst- slot))
                                             public)))))

         ;; And try not to spam a REPL.
         ',code))))

;; Formatting utilities.

(defun format-compound-statement* (stream child morep thunk)
  "Underlying function for `format-compound-statement'."
  (cond ((typep child 'block-inst)
         (funcall thunk stream)
         (write-char #\space stream)
         (princ child stream)
         (when morep (write-char #\space stream)))
        (t
         (pprint-logical-block (stream nil)
           (funcall thunk stream)
           (write-char #\space stream)
           (pprint-indent :block 2 stream)
           (pprint-newline :linear stream)
           (princ child stream)
           (pprint-indent :block 0 stream))
         (case morep
           (:space
            (write-char #\space stream)
            (pprint-newline :linear stream))
           ((t)
            (pprint-newline :mandatory stream))))))

(export 'format-compound-statement)
(defmacro format-compound-statement
    ((stream child &optional morep) &body body)
  "Format a compound statement to STREAM.

   The introductory material is printed by BODY.  The CHILD is formatted
   properly according to whether it's a `block-inst'.  If MOREP is true, then
   allow for more stuff following the child."
  `(format-compound-statement* ,stream ,child ,morep
                               (lambda (,stream) ,@body)))

(export 'format-banner-comment)
(defun format-banner-comment (stream control &rest args)
  (format stream "~@</~@<* ~@;~?~:>~_ */~:>" control args))

;; Important instruction classes.

(definst var (stream :export t) (name %type &optional init)
  (pprint-logical-block (stream nil)
    (pprint-c-type type stream name)
    (when init
      (format stream " = ~2I~_~A" init))
    (write-char #\; stream)))

(definst function (stream :export t)
    (name %type body &optional %banner &rest banner-args)
  (pprint-logical-block (stream nil)
    (when banner
      (apply #'format-banner-comment stream banner banner-args)
      (pprint-newline :mandatory stream))
    (princ "static " stream)
    (pprint-c-type type stream name)
    (format stream "~:@_~A~:@_~:@_" body)))

;; Expression statements.
(definst expr (stream :export t) (%expr)
  (format stream "~A;" expr))
(definst set (stream :export t) (var %expr)
  (format stream "~@<~A = ~2I~_~A;~:>" var expr))
(definst update (stream :export t) (var op %expr)
  (format stream "~@<~A ~A= ~2I~_~A;~:>" var op expr))

;; Special kinds of expressions.
(definst call (stream :export t) (%func &rest args)
  (format stream "~@<~A~4I~_(~@<~{~A~^, ~_~}~:>)~:>" func args))
(definst cond (stream :export t) (%cond conseq alt)
  (format stream "~@<~A ~2I~@_~@<? ~A ~_: ~A~:>~:>" cond conseq alt))

;; Simple statements.
(definst return (stream :export t) (%expr)
  (format stream "return~@[ (~A)~];" expr))
(definst break (stream :export t) ()
  (format stream "break;"))
(definst continue (stream :export t) ()
  (format stream "continue;"))

;; Compound statements.

(defvar *first-statement-p* t
  "True if this is the first statement in a block.

   This is used to communicate between `block-inst' and `banner-inst' so that
   they get the formatting right between them.")

(definst banner (stream :export t) (control &rest args)
  (pprint-logical-block (stream nil)
    (unless *first-statement-p* (pprint-newline :mandatory stream))
    (apply #'format-banner-comment stream control args)))

(export 'emit-banner)
(defun emit-banner (codegen control &rest args)
  (emit-inst codegen (apply #'make-banner-inst control args)))

(definst block (stream :export t) (decls body)
  (write-char #\{ stream)
  (pprint-newline :mandatory stream)
  (pprint-logical-block (stream nil)
    (let ((newlinep nil))
      (flet ((newline ()
               (if newlinep
                   (pprint-newline :mandatory stream)
                   (setf newlinep t))))
        (pprint-indent :block 2 stream)
        (write-string "  " stream)
        (when decls
          (dolist (decl decls)
            (newline)
            (write decl :stream stream))
          (when body (newline)))
        (let ((*first-statement-p* t))
          (dolist (inst body)
            (newline)
            (write inst :stream stream)
            (setf *first-statement-p* nil))))))
  (pprint-newline :mandatory stream)
  (write-char #\} stream))

(definst if (stream :export t) (%cond conseq &optional alt)
  (let ((stmt "if"))
    (loop (format-compound-statement (stream conseq (if alt t nil))
            (format stream "~A (~A)" stmt cond))
          (typecase alt
            (null (return))
            (if-inst (setf stmt "else if"
                           cond (inst-cond alt)
                           conseq (inst-conseq alt)
                           alt (inst-alt alt)))
            (t (format-compound-statement (stream alt)
                 (format stream "else"))
               (return))))))

(definst while (stream :export t) (%cond body)
  (format-compound-statement (stream body)
    (format stream "while (~A)" cond)))

(definst do-while (stream :export t) (body %cond)
  (format-compound-statement (stream body :space)
    (write-string "do" stream))
  (format stream "while (~A);" cond))

(definst for (stream :export t) (init %cond update body)
  (format-compound-statement (stream body)
    (format stream "for (~@<~@[~A~];~@[ ~_~A~];~@[ ~_~A~]~:>)"
            init cond update)))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Code generation.

;; Accessors.

(export 'codegen-functions)
(defgeneric codegen-functions (codegen)
  (:documentation
   "Return the list of `function-inst's of completed functions."))

(export 'ensure-var)
(defgeneric ensure-var (codegen name type &optional init)
  (:documentation
   "Add a variable to CODEGEN's list.

   The variable is called NAME (which should be comparable using `equal' and
   print to an identifier) and has the given TYPE.  If INIT is present and
   non-nil it is an expression `inst' used to provide the variable with an
   initial value."))

(export '(emit-inst emit-insts))
(defgeneric emit-inst (codegen inst)
  (:documentation
   "Add INST to the end of CODEGEN's list of instructions."))
(defgeneric emit-insts (codegen insts)
  (:documentation
   "Add a list of INSTS to the end of CODEGEN's list of instructions.")
  (:method (codegen insts)
    (dolist (inst insts) (emit-inst codegen inst))))

(export '(emit-decl emit-decls))
(defgeneric emit-decl (codegen inst)
  (:documentation
   "Add INST to the end of CODEGEN's list of declarations."))
(defgeneric emit-decls (codegen insts)
  (:documentation
   "Add a list of INSTS to the end of CODEGEN's list of declarations."))

(export 'codegen-push)
(defgeneric codegen-push (codegen)
  (:documentation
   "Pushes the current code generation state onto a stack.

   The state consists of the accumulated variables and instructions."))

(export 'codegen-pop)
(defgeneric codegen-pop (codegen)
  (:documentation
   "Pops a saved state off of the CODEGEN's stack.

   Returns the newly accumulated variables and instructions as lists, as
   separate values."))

(export 'codegen-add-function)
(defgeneric codegen-add-function (codegen function)
  (:documentation
   "Adds a function to CODEGEN's list.

   Actually, we're not picky: FUNCTION can be any kind of object that you're
   willing to find in the list returned by `codegen-functions'."))

(export 'temporary-var)
(defgeneric temporary-var (codegen type)
  (:documentation
   "Return the name of a temporary variable.

   The temporary variable will have the given TYPE, and will be marked
   in-use.  You should clear the in-use flag explicitly when you've finished
   with the variable -- or, better, use `with-temporary-var' to do the
   cleanup automatically."))

(export 'codegen-build-function)
(defun codegen-build-function
    (codegen name type vars insts &optional banner &rest banner-args)
  "Build a function and add it to CODEGEN's list.

   Returns the function's name."
  (codegen-add-function codegen
                        (apply #'make-function-inst name type
                               (make-block-inst vars insts)
                               banner banner-args))
  name)

(export 'codegen-pop-block)
(defgeneric codegen-pop-block (codegen)
  (:documentation
   "Makes a block (`block-inst') out of the completed code in CODEGEN.")
  (:method (codegen)
    (multiple-value-bind (vars insts) (codegen-pop codegen)
      (make-block-inst vars insts))))

(export 'codegen-pop-function)
(defgeneric codegen-pop-function
    (codegen name type &optional banner &rest banner-args)
  (:documentation
   "Makes a function out of the completed code in CODEGEN.

   The NAME can be any object you like.  The TYPE should be a function type
   object which includes argument names.  The return value is the NAME.")
  (:method (codegen name type &optional banner &rest banner-args)
    (multiple-value-bind (vars insts) (codegen-pop codegen)
      (apply #'codegen-build-function codegen name type vars insts
             banner banner-args))))

(export 'with-temporary-var)
(defmacro with-temporary-var ((codegen var type) &body body)
  "Evaluate BODY with VAR bound to a temporary variable name.

   During BODY, VAR will be marked in-use; when BODY ends, VAR will be marked
   available for re-use."
  (multiple-value-bind (doc decls body) (parse-body body :docp nil)
    (declare (ignore doc))
    `(let ((,var (temporary-var ,codegen ,type)))
       ,@decls
       (unwind-protect
            (progn ,@body)
         (setf (var-in-use-p ,var) nil)))))

;;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; Code generation idioms.

(export 'deliver-expr)
(defun deliver-expr (codegen target expr)
  "Emit code to deliver the value of EXPR to the TARGET.

   The TARGET may be one of the following.

     * `:void', indicating that the value is to be discarded.  The expression
       will still be evaluated.

     * `:void-return', indicating that the value is to be discarded (as for
       `:void') and furthermore a `return' from the current function should
       be forced after computing the value.

     * `:return', indicating that the value is to be returned from the
       current function.

     * A variable name, indicating that the value is to be stored in the
       variable.

   In the cases of `:return', `:void' and `:void-return' targets, it is valid
   for EXPR to be nil; this signifies that no computation needs to be
   performed.  Variable-name targets require an expression."

  (case target
    (:return (emit-inst codegen (make-return-inst expr)))
    (:void (when expr (emit-inst codegen (make-expr-inst expr))))
    (:void-return (when expr (emit-inst codegen (make-expr-inst expr)))
                  (emit-inst codegen (make-return-inst nil)))
    (t (emit-inst codegen (make-set-inst target expr)))))

(export 'convert-stmts)
(defun convert-stmts (codegen target type func)
  "Invoke FUNC to deliver a value to a non-`:return' target.

   FUNC is a function which accepts a single argument, a non-`:return'
   target, and generates statements which deliver a value (see
   `deliver-expr') of the specified TYPE to this target.  In general, the
   generated code will have the form

     setup instructions...
     (deliver-expr CODEGEN TARGET (compute value...))
     cleanup instructions...

   where the cleanup instructions are essential to the proper working of the
   generated program.

   The `convert-stmts' function will call FUNC to generate code, and arrange
   that its value is correctly delivered to TARGET, regardless of what the
   TARGET is -- i.e., it lifts the restriction to non-`:return' targets.  It
   does this by inventing a new temporary variable."

  (case target
    (:return (with-temporary-var (codegen var type)
               (funcall func var)
               (deliver-expr codegen target var)))
    (:void-return (funcall func :void)
                  (emit-inst codegen (make-return-inst nil)))
    (t (funcall func target))))

(export 'deliver-call)
(defun deliver-call (codegen target func &rest args)
  "Emit a statement to call FUNC with ARGS and deliver the result to TARGET."
  (deliver-expr codegen target (apply #'make-call-inst func args)))

;;;----- That's all, folks --------------------------------------------------