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| 2 | <HEAD><TITLE> |
| 3 | "Tempo, dynamic marks, ornaments, etc." |
| 4 | </TITLE></HEAD> |
| 5 | <BODY> |
| 6 | <P> |
| 7 | <A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A> |
| 8 | |
| 9 | <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A> |
| 10 | </P> |
| 11 | |
| 12 | <H1> |
| 13 | TEMPO, DYNAMIC MARKS, ORNAMENTS, ETC. |
| 14 | </H1> |
| 15 | <H2> |
| 16 | General information |
| 17 | </H2> |
| 18 | <P> |
| 19 | There are a number of symbols and other markings that appear frequently |
| 20 | in music, which are normally associated with a particular time or place in the |
| 21 | composition. There are several classes of such symbols, all of which are |
| 22 | handled by Mup in a somewhat similar fashion. The general format of these |
| 23 | statements is: |
| 24 | <BR><PRE> |
| 25 | <I>mark_type place staff(s) distance : begintime text duration;</I> |
| 26 | </PRE><BR> |
| 27 | </P> |
| 28 | <P> |
| 29 | The <I>mark_type</I> can be any of the following: |
| 30 | <PRE> |
| 31 | Mark_type Meaning |
| 32 | |
| 33 | rom text in roman font |
| 34 | ital text in italic font |
| 35 | bold text in bold font |
| 36 | boldital text in bold-italic font |
| 37 | mussym music symbol (fermata, coda sign, etc.) |
| 38 | phrase phrase mark |
| 39 | < crescendo "hairpin" |
| 40 | > decrescendo "hairpin" |
| 41 | octave play 1 or more octaves higher or lower |
| 42 | pedal piano pedal marks |
| 43 | </PRE> |
| 44 | </P> |
| 45 | <P> |
| 46 | The <I>place</I> is as for |
| 47 | <A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics:</A> |
| 48 | above, below, or between. |
| 49 | There are some restrictions, as summarized below: |
| 50 | <PRE> |
| 51 | place allowed |
| 52 | mark_type above below between default |
| 53 | |
| 54 | rom yes yes yes above |
| 55 | bold yes yes yes above |
| 56 | ital yes yes yes above |
| 57 | boldital yes yes yes above |
| 58 | mussym yes yes yes above |
| 59 | phrase yes yes no varies |
| 60 | < yes yes yes above |
| 61 | > yes yes yes above |
| 62 | octave yes yes no none |
| 63 | pedal no yes no below |
| 64 | </PRE> |
| 65 | </P> |
| 66 | <P> |
| 67 | <A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A> |
| 68 | must include a <I>place</I> of above or below. |
| 69 | For all the other mark_types, the <I>place</I> is optional. For |
| 70 | <A HREF="phrase.html">phrase,</A> |
| 71 | if <I>place</I> is not specified, Mup determines it |
| 72 | on a case-by-case basis depending on the location of the notes. |
| 73 | </P> |
| 74 | <P> |
| 75 | As with musical data or lyrics, the <I>staff</I> can be a single |
| 76 | number or may include lists and ranges. In the case of "between", |
| 77 | staff numbers must be in pairs, separated by an "&", with the second |
| 78 | staff number one greater than the first. |
| 79 | </P> |
| 80 | <P> |
| 81 | The <I>staff</I> can also be specified by the keyword "all," in which |
| 82 | case the mark will be placed above the top visible staff or below the |
| 83 | bottom visible staff. |
| 84 | </P> |
| 85 | <P> |
| 86 | Here are some examples: |
| 87 | <BR><PRE> |
| 88 | rom 3: |
| 89 | boldital below 1: |
| 90 | < between 3&4: |
| 91 | pedal below 2: |
| 92 | octave above 3: |
| 93 | phrase 3,4: |
| 94 | mussym above 2-3, 5: |
| 95 | ital between 1&2, 3&4: |
| 96 | </PRE><BR> |
| 97 | </P> |
| 98 | <P> |
| 99 | <A NAME="dist">The</A> |
| 100 | <I>distance</I> is optional. It is specified by the keyword "dist" followed |
| 101 | by a number. This number overrides the |
| 102 | <A HREF="param.html#dist">dist,</A> |
| 103 | <A HREF="param.html#chdist">chorddist,</A> |
| 104 | or |
| 105 | <A HREF="param.html#dyndist">dyndist</A> |
| 106 | parameter value that would normally apply, and is given in stepsizes. |
| 107 | If the number is followed by a ! the items will be placed at exactly that |
| 108 | distance from the edge of the staff, |
| 109 | without regard for anything they might overwrite. |
| 110 | Otherwise the normal rules apply: the dist is a minimum value, and items |
| 111 | may be placed farther away than this to avoid colliding with other things. |
| 112 | If the ! is used, the number is allowed to be negative, |
| 113 | which allows you to place items inside the staff. |
| 114 | A dist cannot be specified with pedal, phrase, or between. |
| 115 | <BR><PRE> |
| 116 | score |
| 117 | dist=2 |
| 118 | music |
| 119 | |
| 120 | rom above 1: 1 "normal dist"; |
| 121 | rom above 1 dist 4: 2 "dist 4"; // higher than usual |
| 122 | rom above 1 dist 0! : 3 "forced 0"; // lower than normal |
| 123 | mussym above 1 dist -2! : 4.5 "rr"; // forced down into staff |
| 124 | 1: c;;;; |
| 125 | endbar |
| 126 | </PRE><BR> |
| 127 | <IMG SRC="mugex67.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 128 | </P> |
| 129 | <P> |
| 130 | After the colon comes one or more items to be printed. Each item contains |
| 131 | at least a begintime specification. Some may also contain a |
| 132 | <A HREF="textstr.html">text string</A> |
| 133 | and/or |
| 134 | a duration. Each item ends with a semicolon. A newline ends the list of items. |
| 135 | </P> |
| 136 | <P> |
| 137 | The begintime describes where in time the item should be printed. It is |
| 138 | a number ranging from 0 to the numerator (top number) |
| 139 | of the |
| 140 | <A HREF="param.html#time">time signature</A> |
| 141 | plus one. |
| 142 | 0 refers to the bar line at the beginning of the current measure, 1 refers |
| 143 | to the first beat of the measure, 2 to the second beat, etc., with the |
| 144 | maximum value referring to the bar line which ends the measure. A "beat" |
| 145 | is whatever time value is given by the denominator (bottom number) |
| 146 | of the time signature. |
| 147 | For example, in 4/4 or 3/4 time, a beat is a quarter note, whereas in 6/8 |
| 148 | or 9/8 time, a beat is an eighth note. Fractional values can be specified |
| 149 | using a decimal number. Thus 1.5 is halfway between beats 1 and 2, |
| 150 | while 2.66 is about 2/3 of the way between beats 2 and 3. |
| 151 | For |
| 152 | <A HREF="param.html#time">time signatures</A> |
| 153 | that are the addition of two or more fractions, like 4/4 + 3/8, |
| 154 | a "beat" is given by the largest denominator. |
| 155 | </P> |
| 156 | <P> |
| 157 | Since grace notes effectively take zero time, special notation is used |
| 158 | to place something relative to a grace note. The <I>begintime</I> can be |
| 159 | followed by a number of grace notes to "back up" from the beat. |
| 160 | The number is a negative number enclosed in parentheses. |
| 161 | </P> |
| 162 | <P> |
| 163 | The beat time value can optionally be followed by |
| 164 | <A NAME="stepoff">an offset, in stepsizes.</A> |
| 165 | This offset is a number in square brackets. |
| 166 | The number must begin with a + or - sign. |
| 167 | It can optionally include a decimal point and fractional part. |
| 168 | A negative offset will cause the item to |
| 169 | be moved to the left, while a positive offset will cause it |
| 170 | to be moved to the right. |
| 171 | This offset is used as a final adjustment after all the other placement |
| 172 | has been done. A common use for this would be if you want to place something |
| 173 | slightly before the beginning of the first measure of a song. You could |
| 174 | then specify something like: |
| 175 | <BR><PRE> |
| 176 | rom above all: 0 [-3.5] "Allegro"; |
| 177 | </PRE><BR> |
| 178 | which would place the "Allegro" 3.5 stepsizes left of the beginning |
| 179 | of the measure. |
| 180 | </P> |
| 181 | <P> |
| 182 | The grace note back up, if any, must occur before the |
| 183 | stepsize offset, if any. |
| 184 | For example: |
| 185 | <BR><PRE> |
| 186 | 1: c; [grace] 8d; []e; []f; 2.g; |
| 187 | ital above 1: 2(-3)[+1] "cresc."; |
| 188 | bar |
| 189 | </PRE><BR> |
| 190 | <IMG SRC="mugex68.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 191 | would find the chord at or closest to count 2, |
| 192 | and back up 3 grace notes from there, then move right by 1 stepsize. |
| 193 | </P> |
| 194 | <P> |
| 195 | For items that include a duration, the duration tells the ending point of |
| 196 | the item. A duration is specified by: |
| 197 | <BR><PRE> |
| 198 | <B>til</B> <I>M</I><B>m</B> + <I>N</I> |
| 199 | </PRE><BR> |
| 200 | where <I>M</I> is a number of |
| 201 | <A HREF="bars.html">bar lines</A> |
| 202 | to cross, and <I>N</I> is a number of additional beats. |
| 203 | If either of them is 0, it can be omitted, |
| 204 | but at least one of them must be non-zero. |
| 205 | Here are some examples: |
| 206 | <BR><PRE> |
| 207 | til 3 // until beat 3 of current measure |
| 208 | til 1m+2 // until beat 2 of next measure |
| 209 | til 1m // until next bar line |
| 210 | </PRE><BR> |
| 211 | </P> |
| 212 | <P> |
| 213 | Whether the text and duration are allowed or required depends on the mark_type, |
| 214 | as summarized below: |
| 215 | <PRE> |
| 216 | mark_type text duration |
| 217 | |
| 218 | rom required optional |
| 219 | bold required optional |
| 220 | ital required optional |
| 221 | boldital required optional |
| 222 | mussym required allowed on tr only |
| 223 | phrase not allowed required |
| 224 | < not allowed required |
| 225 | > not allowed required |
| 226 | octave required optional |
| 227 | pedal * or nothing not allowed |
| 228 | </PRE> |
| 229 | </P> |
| 230 | <P> |
| 231 | If there are several items, such that they have to be stacked on top |
| 232 | of each other, all items of a particular class are placed from top to bottom |
| 233 | according to input order. The classes are done in the order |
| 234 | shown in the table below, unless the order is overridden by |
| 235 | the |
| 236 | <A HREF="param.html#aboveord">aboveorder,</A> |
| 237 | <A HREF="param.html#beloword">beloworder,</A> |
| 238 | or |
| 239 | <A HREF="param.html#betwnord">betweenorder</A> |
| 240 | parameters. |
| 241 | <PRE> |
| 242 | above (from bottom up) |
| 243 | phrase |
| 244 | mussym |
| 245 | octave |
| 246 | rom bold ital boldital < > |
| 247 | lyrics |
| 248 | endings |
| 249 | rehearsal marks |
| 250 | |
| 251 | below (from top down) |
| 252 | phrase |
| 253 | mussym |
| 254 | octave |
| 255 | rom bold ital boldital < > |
| 256 | lyrics |
| 257 | pedal |
| 258 | |
| 259 | between (from bottom up) |
| 260 | mussym |
| 261 | rom bold ital boldital < > |
| 262 | lyrics |
| 263 | </PRE> |
| 264 | </P> |
| 265 | <P> |
| 266 | For example, for the above items, all phrases will be placed as close to the |
| 267 | staff as possible, then mussym items above them, then octave marks above |
| 268 | them, etc. However, if there are several mussym items that belong at the |
| 269 | same horizontal position, the first one entered in the input will be printed |
| 270 | above the second, the second one entered will be printed above the third, etc. |
| 271 | All of the "above all" items of a given class will be above the |
| 272 | items of that class for the top visible staff, |
| 273 | and all "below all" items of a given class will be below the |
| 274 | items of that class for the bottom visible staff. |
| 275 | <BR> |
| 276 | <A HREF="textmark.html">Text</A> |
| 277 | <BR> |
| 278 | <A HREF="mussym.html">Music symbols</A> |
| 279 | <BR> |
| 280 | <A HREF="phrase.html">Phrase marks</A> |
| 281 | <BR> |
| 282 | <A HREF="cres.html">Crescendo and decrescendo marks</A> |
| 283 | <BR> |
| 284 | <A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A> |
| 285 | <BR> |
| 286 | <A HREF="pedal.html">Piano pedal marks</A> |
| 287 | <BR> |
| 288 | <A HREF="roll.html">Rolls</A> |
| 289 | </P> |
| 290 | <HR><P> |
| 291 | <A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A> |
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