Commit | Line | Data |
---|---|---|
fac14bbe MW |
1 | <HTML> |
2 | <HEAD><TITLE> | |
3 | Lyrics | |
4 | </TITLE></HEAD> | |
5 | <BODY> | |
6 | <P> | |
7 | <A HREF="multirst.html"><-- previous page</A> | |
8 | ||
9 | <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="tabstaff.html">next page --></A> | |
10 | </P> | |
11 | ||
12 | <H2> | |
13 | Lyrics | |
14 | </H2> | |
15 | <P> | |
16 | Lyrics are specified in a somewhat similar manner to | |
17 | <A HREF="chordinp.html">note groups.</A> | |
18 | Lyrics for each staff are specified with the word "lyrics" | |
19 | optionally followed by a <I>place</I>, | |
20 | followed by the <I>staff number</I>, followed by a colon, then the timing and | |
21 | syllable information. | |
22 | </P> | |
23 | <P> | |
24 | The <I>place</I>, if specified, can be "above" or "below," to | |
25 | indicate whether the lyrics are to be printed above or below the given | |
26 | staff. The default is below. | |
27 | </P> | |
28 | <P> | |
29 | The <I>staff number</I> can be a single number or list of ranges of numbers. | |
30 | It can also be given as the keyword "all," which will place the lyrics | |
31 | above the top visible staff or below the bottom visible staff. | |
32 | </P> | |
33 | <P> | |
34 | The place can also be specified as "between <I>M</I><B>&</B><I>N</I>" | |
35 | where <I>M</I> and <I>N</I> are numbers. | |
36 | This will cause the lyrics to printed approximately halfway between staff | |
37 | <I>M</I> and staff <I>N</I>. <I>N</I> must be exactly one greater than <I>M</I>. | |
38 | <BR><PRE> | |
39 | lyrics 1: | |
40 | lyrics above 2,3: | |
41 | lyrics between 1&2, 3&4: | |
42 | </PRE><BR> | |
43 | </P> | |
44 | <P> | |
45 | If you want the same lyrics above some staffs but below others, | |
46 | you can specify several places and list of staffs, separated by semicolons. | |
47 | For example: | |
48 | <BR><PRE> | |
49 | lyrics above 1,3 ; below 2,4 ; between 5&6 : | |
50 | </PRE><BR> | |
51 | </P> | |
52 | <P> | |
53 | After the colon comes a list of | |
54 | time values. | |
55 | Time values are separated by semicolons and are specified as they are | |
56 | for notes: "2" for half notes, "8." for dotted eight, etc. | |
57 | </P> | |
58 | <P> | |
59 | If the time values for lyrics are the same as the time values for the notes | |
60 | on the staff, the time values need not be specified. If you don't | |
61 | specify them, Mup will derive the appropriate values from the music input. | |
62 | If you list more than one staff, the time values will be derived from the | |
63 | first staff you list. Usually, the time values will be derived from voice 1, | |
64 | but if voice 1 music data doesn't exist or is invisible, | |
65 | or if the lyrics are explicitly specified as "below" | |
66 | and there is a visible voice 2, then voice 2 will be used. | |
67 | Voice 3, if any, is never used for automatically | |
68 | deriving time values for lyrics. | |
69 | Some examples: | |
70 | <BR><PRE> | |
71 | ||
72 | 1: c;d;e;f; | |
73 | lyrics 1: "The sun will shine"; | |
74 | // The time values will be all quarter notes, | |
75 | // as derived from the music on staff 1 | |
76 | bar | |
77 | ||
78 | 1: 8g;4.f;4g;a; | |
79 | lyrics 1: "up-on the earth."; | |
80 | // The derived time values will be 8;4.;4;; | |
81 | bar | |
82 | ||
83 | // In these examples, time values will be taken | |
84 | // from staff 4, since it is the first one listed. | |
85 | // In the last case, because "below" is specified explicitly, | |
86 | // the times will be taken from voice 2 | |
87 | // if there is a visible voice 2; in all the other cases | |
88 | // it will be taken from voice 1 if voice 1 music | |
89 | // has been entered and is visible. | |
90 | lyrics 4,7,9: "for-ev-er"; | |
91 | lyrics above 4-6: "nev-er-more"; | |
92 | lyrics between 4&5,6&7: "this is it"; | |
93 | lyrics below 4,2: "and so forth"; | |
94 | </PRE><BR> | |
95 | The line describing the music from which to derive the times | |
96 | must appear in the input prior to the lyrics line that is deriving the times. | |
97 | If chords in the music are tied or slurred together, Mup will | |
98 | treat those chords as being for a single syllable. | |
99 | However, there may be some | |
100 | circumstances in which the rules Mup uses to derive time values may not | |
101 | yield what you want, in which case you will have to explicitly specify the times | |
102 | for that measure. | |
103 | </P> | |
104 | <P> | |
105 | Following the time values is a list of one or more | |
106 | verse numbers and lyric strings containing the words of the lyrics. | |
107 | The verse number(s) are given within square brackets. If no verse is | |
108 | specified on the first set of lyrics for a staff and | |
109 | place, verse 1 is assumed. | |
110 | On subsequent lyrics strings for that staff and place, | |
111 | the verse number is assumed to be one more than the previous verse number. | |
112 | Thus you only need to explicitly specify a verse | |
113 | number if you want to skip over a verse or supply them out of order. | |
114 | </P> | |
115 | <P> | |
116 | Verse numbers need not be consecutive. | |
117 | The staff number and verse number can be given as lists or ranges. | |
118 | Another example: | |
119 | <BR><PRE> | |
120 | 1-2: 4.c+;8c;{4e;f;g;}3; | |
121 | lyrics below 1-2: 4.;8;{4;;;}3; \ | |
122 | "This is some-thing else."; \ | |
123 | [4,5] "How do you like this?"; \ | |
124 | [2-3,6] "Now try this out too."; | |
125 | bar | |
126 | </PRE><BR> | |
127 | <IMG SRC="mugex41.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
128 | </P> | |
129 | <P> | |
130 | In this example, the lyrics will go below staffs 1 and 2. There are | |
131 | 5 syllables. The first is a dotted quarter in length, the second is | |
132 | an eighth, and the last three make up a quarter note triplet. The first | |
133 | string is for verse 1, since no verse number was specified. The second | |
134 | string will be used for verses 4 and 5, and the last string for verses | |
135 | 2, 3, and 6. | |
136 | </P> | |
137 | <P> | |
138 | <A NAME="centered">You can also specify a verse number of "c" which means the verse is</A> | |
139 | to be centered vertically. This is useful if you have a refrain that | |
140 | is identical for several verses, and you don't want to have it printed | |
141 | multiple times. | |
142 | <BR><PRE> | |
143 | 1: c;;e;; | |
144 | lyrics 1: ;;2s; [1] "verse one"; [2] "verse two"; | |
145 | lyrics 1: 2s;4;; [c] "The refrain"; // centered lyrics | |
146 | bar | |
147 | </PRE><BR> | |
148 | <IMG SRC="mugex42.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
149 | </P> | |
150 | <P> | |
151 | The lyrics string is followed by a semicolon. | |
152 | There must normally be one syllable in the lyrics string for each time value. | |
153 | <A HREF="lyrics.html#except">(There is one exception,</A> | |
154 | discussed later.) | |
155 | Syllables are separated in the lyrics string by white space, | |
156 | a dash, or an underscore. | |
157 | </P> | |
158 | <P> | |
159 | Sometimes a syllable is to be held out for several counts | |
160 | or over several notes. This can be indicated by dashes or underscores. | |
161 | If the syllable in the lyric string ends with a dash, on output the dash | |
162 | will be placed halfway between the given syllable and the next syllable. | |
163 | If the distance between the two syllables is long, several evenly-spaced | |
164 | dashes will be printed. | |
165 | If a syllable in the lyric string ends with an underscore, | |
166 | an underscore line will be printed from the end of the | |
167 | current syllable to the edge of the last note associated with the syllable. | |
168 | </P> | |
169 | <P> | |
170 | Here are some examples: | |
171 | <BR><PRE> | |
172 | // Verse 1. The first two words have the | |
173 | // duration of a quarter note each. | |
174 | // The last word lasts a half note. | |
175 | 1: e;d;2c; | |
176 | lyrics 1: 4;;2; [1] "Three blind mice"; | |
177 | bar | |
178 | </PRE><BR> | |
179 | <IMG SRC="mugex43.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
180 | <BR><PRE> | |
181 | // examples of above lyrics with dash and underscore | |
182 | 1: 4d<>;e;8g;b;4a; | |
183 | lyrics above 1: "now_ or nev-er"; | |
184 | bar | |
185 | </PRE><BR> | |
186 | <IMG SRC="mugex44.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
187 | </P> | |
188 | <P> | |
189 | Mup does its best to figure out where to end dashes or underscores. However, | |
190 | if there isn't a following syllable after a dash or underscore, Mup would | |
191 | extend the dash or underscore to the end of the piece, which may not be | |
192 | what you want. There are a few other cases where Mup may be unable to | |
193 | properly deduce where you had intended an underscore to end. | |
194 | You can manually halt the dash or underscore by adding in | |
195 | an "empty syllable," consisting of "<>". Normally, the angle brackets are | |
196 | used inside lyrics to enclose special non-lyrics items, as will be | |
197 | <A HREF="lyrics.html#lyrext">described a bit later.</A> | |
198 | However, if they are used by themselves with nothing between them, | |
199 | they essentially mean a syllable with no text. | |
200 | <BR><PRE> | |
201 | 1: 2c;4d<>;e; | |
202 | lyrics 1: "last word._"; | |
203 | bar | |
204 | ||
205 | 1: 4d;e;f;g; | |
206 | // add empty syllable to end the underscore | |
207 | lyrics 1: 1; "<>"; | |
208 | bar | |
209 | </PRE><BR> | |
210 | <IMG SRC="mugex45.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
211 | </P> | |
212 | <P> | |
213 | Occasionally, a single chord is used for more than one syllable. | |
214 | If the syllables are within the same word, it is sufficient to omit the | |
215 | dashes between syllables, so that Mup will treat them as a single syllable. | |
216 | However, if the syllables are in separate words, | |
217 | a "~" can be used in place of a space between the syllables. | |
218 | On output, Mup will replace the "~" | |
219 | with a space and a small, curved line below the space, indicating that the | |
220 | syllables on either side are to be joined. For example: | |
221 | <BR><PRE> | |
222 | 1: b;a;2g; | |
223 | lyrics 1: ;;2; "man-y~a day"; | |
224 | bar | |
225 | </PRE><BR> | |
226 | <IMG SRC="mugex46.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
227 | If you don't want the curved line, | |
228 | you can use the special character name "\(space)" instead of a | |
229 | literal space. | |
230 | <A HREF="textstr.html#space">That special space character</A> | |
231 | is printed like a normal space on output, | |
232 | but is not considered a space for the purposes of determining syllable | |
233 | boundaries. Alternately, | |
234 | <A HREF="lyrics.html#lyrext">a technique using angle brackets,</A> | |
235 | described later, can be used. | |
236 | </P> | |
237 | <P> | |
238 | If several verses use the same time values, you can specify them all on | |
239 | one input line. | |
240 | For example: | |
241 | <BR><PRE> | |
242 | 1: d;f;a;g; | |
243 | lyrics 1: [1] "this is verse one"; \ | |
244 | [2] "this is verse two"; | |
245 | bar | |
246 | </PRE><BR> | |
247 | <IMG SRC="mugex47.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
248 | </P> | |
249 | <P> | |
250 | In this example, | |
251 | because of the \ at the end of the first line, both verses are effectively | |
252 | on the same input line. | |
253 | </P> | |
254 | <P> | |
255 | <A NAME="except">Occasionally, lyrics may occur during only part of a measure.</A> | |
256 | This case can be handled by specifying "space" | |
257 | by using an "s" after time values that have no | |
258 | lyric syllable associated with them. For example: | |
259 | <BR><PRE> | |
260 | 1: 2r;g; | |
261 | lyrics 1: 2s;; [1] "Now"; | |
262 | bar | |
263 | </PRE><BR> | |
264 | <IMG SRC="mugex48.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
265 | </P> | |
266 | <P> | |
267 | In this example, the first half note of the measure is a space, so there will | |
268 | be no lyric there. The second half note of the measure will have the word "Now" | |
269 | as its lyric. Note that the "s" does not work quite the same way with lyrics | |
270 | as it does with notes. With notes, "2s;;" would mean two half-note spaces, | |
271 | because the space would be used as default for the following chord where no | |
272 | notes were specified. With lyrics, "2s;;" means a half note space, followed | |
273 | by a half note lyric; the space is not carried forward as a default. | |
274 | </P> | |
275 | <P> | |
276 | If you don't specify any time values, relying on Mup to derive the time values | |
277 | from the corresponding music time values, any rests and spaces in the music | |
278 | will be translated to lyric spaces. If the first note entered in a chord | |
279 | is tied to or slurred to the following chord, that following chord | |
280 | will also be translated to a lyric space, since you most likely want | |
281 | a single syllable to span both chords in that case. | |
282 | </P> | |
283 | <P> | |
284 | <A NAME="lyrext">Occasionally, you may want to print something within a lyric string</A> | |
285 | which isn't really a lyric syllable. | |
286 | The most common example of this would be | |
287 | that you may want to print verse numbers. Other possibilities may include | |
288 | associating a dynamic mark (e.g., "mf") with a particular verse, or | |
289 | marking a section for a subset of the singers (e.g., "Men:" or "Solo:"). | |
290 | These extra things are specified within angle brackets. They can be placed | |
291 | immediately before or after any syllable. | |
292 | Mup will not consider them when lining up the syllable with notes. | |
293 | Normally, it will assume there is enough | |
294 | space to print them rather than reserving space for them. If you want Mup | |
295 | to ensure there is enough space to print them, put a "^" immediately | |
296 | after the "<". | |
297 | </P> | |
298 | <P> | |
299 | Some examples: | |
300 | <BR><PRE> | |
301 | 1: f;e;d;c; | |
302 | lyrics 1: "<1. >This is verse one."; | |
303 | bar | |
304 | 1: 2g;4;; | |
305 | lyrics 1: 2s;4;; "<^\f(TX)ff\f(PV) >Loud-er"; | |
306 | bar | |
307 | </PRE><BR> | |
308 | <IMG SRC="mugex49.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
309 | </P> | |
310 | <P> | |
311 | The < > construct can also be used to fine-tune the placement of syllables. | |
312 | The placement of syllables is governed in general by the | |
313 | <A HREF="param.html#lyralign">lyricsalign parameter.</A> | |
314 | Sometimes, however, you may want to adjust the placement of specific syllables. | |
315 | Suppose you have a long syllable, like "strength" and would like | |
316 | to shift it leftward somewhat. Entering it as "<str>ength" would | |
317 | cause Mup to move the syllable farther to the left than it normally would. | |
318 | <BR><PRE> | |
319 | 1: c;d;e;f; | |
320 | lyrics 1: "This strength not moved."; \ | |
321 | "This <str>ength was moved."; | |
322 | bar | |
323 | </PRE><BR> | |
324 | <IMG SRC="mugex50.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
325 | </P> | |
326 | <P> | |
327 | Angle brackets may also be useful for entering | |
328 | chant, where many words | |
329 | are to be associated with a single note. For example: | |
330 | <BR><PRE> | |
331 | lyrics 1: "All<^ these words will be treated like one syllable.>"; | |
332 | </PRE><BR> | |
333 | </P> | |
334 | <P> | |
335 | The font and size to use for lyrics is initially determined | |
336 | from the | |
337 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfam">"lyricsfontfamily,"</A> | |
338 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfont">"lyricsfont"</A> | |
339 | and | |
340 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrsize">"lyricssize"</A> | |
341 | parameters for the appropriate staff. | |
342 | If "all" is used for the staff number, the score parameters are used. | |
343 | In the case of "between," the parameters for the staff above are used for | |
344 | determining the font and size. | |
345 | The usual \f and \s forms can be used to | |
346 | <A HREF="textstr.html">change these values</A> | |
347 | for a given verse. Lyrics fontfamily, font and size values | |
348 | are maintained separately for each | |
349 | combination of staff number, verse number, and place, and are carried forward | |
350 | from one measure to the next. Thus, for example, if you want one verse to | |
351 | be printed in roman and another in italics (perhaps one is in English and the | |
352 | other in another language), you need only put a "\f(TI)" at the beginning of | |
353 | the syllable string for the first measure of the second verse, and all | |
354 | subsequent syllables for that verse will be in italics. | |
355 | Setting the | |
356 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfam">"lyricsfontfamily,"</A> | |
357 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfont">"lyricsfont"</A> | |
358 | or | |
359 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrsize">"lyricssize"</A> | |
360 | parameters will reset the values for | |
361 | all verses of the staff (if set in | |
362 | <A HREF="contexts.html">staff context),</A> | |
363 | or the entire score (if set in | |
364 | <A HREF="contexts.html">score context).</A> | |
365 | </P> | |
366 | <P> | |
367 | Another way to align a syllable in a particular way is to precede the | |
368 | syllable with a |. If the | is preceded by a number (optionally signed), | |
369 | the left edge of the syllable will be placed that many points from the | |
370 | horizontal "middle" of the chord. | |
371 | If there isn't a number before it, the value is obtained from the | |
372 | <A HREF="param.html#sylpos">sylposition parameter.</A> | |
373 | Negative values are to the left, and will usually be what you want. | |
374 | This alignment method is particularly useful for lining up multiple verses, | |
375 | either to get verse numbers to line up or to align words at the beginning | |
376 | of a poetic line. The | goes after anything in angle brackets. | |
377 | <BR><PRE> | |
378 | 1: 8c;d;4e;8e;g;4c+; | |
379 | lyrics 1: "<1. >|\"How are you?\" -7|He asked her."; \ | |
380 | "<2. >|\"I am fine,\" -7|She re-plied."; | |
381 | bar | |
382 | </PRE><BR> | |
383 | <IMG SRC="mugex51.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
384 | </P> | |
385 | <P> | |
386 | A few more examples of lyrics: | |
387 | <BR><PRE> | |
388 | 1,3-4: c;8e;;4d;r; | |
389 | 2: c+;8g;;4b;; | |
390 | lyrics between 1&2,3&4: 4;8;;4;s; "This is a test."; | |
391 | lyrics above 2: 2s;4;; "The end."; | |
392 | bar | |
393 | </PRE><BR> | |
394 | <IMG SRC="mugex52.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
395 | </P> | |
396 | <HR><P> | |
397 | <A HREF="multirst.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="tabstaff.html">next page --></A> | |
398 | </P> | |
399 | </BODY></HTML> |