From bcbc4dbfae2accfb39e031373f95198409be7362 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Wooding <mdw@distorted.org.uk>
Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2022 01:07:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Initial version.

---
 example.tex     | 119 ++++++++++++++
 latex-intro.tex | 487 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 606 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 example.tex
 create mode 100644 latex-intro.tex

diff --git a/example.tex b/example.tex
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/example.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[british]{babel}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+
+\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ppl}
+\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr}
+
+\newcommand{\dd}[1]{\mathrm{d}#1}
+\newcommand{\res}{\mathop{\mathrm{res}}\nolimits}
+\newcommand{\punct}[1]{\,\textrm{#1}}
+
+\title{An example document}
+\author{Mark Wooding}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+  This is a simple example of a \LaTeX\ document, demonstrating some
+  important features.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\tableofcontents
+
+\section{An initial section} \label{sec:init}
+
+This is an initial paragraph
+which doesn't look as though it merits careful attention.
+In fact, however, it demonstrates a few features
+which aren't immediately obvious.
+
+This is a second paragraph,
+which is separated from the first by a blank line.
+No explicit markup was required.
+More interesting things will happen in Section~\ref{sec:next}.
+
+\section{A subsequent section} \label{sec:next}
+
+This is another section.  There was a cross-reference from
+Section~\ref{sec:init}.
+
+\subsection{Lists and suchlike}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item We can typeset lists of things.
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item We can nest lists.
+  \item Four levels are usually allowed
+    before \LaTeX\ runs out of bullet symbols.
+  \end{itemize}
+\item
+  \begin{enumerate}
+  \item We can also have lists with numbered entries.
+  \item This emphasizes that their ordering is relevant.
+  \item \label{en:item} It also allows us to refer to items later.
+  \item \begin{enumerate}
+    \item These lists can also be nested.
+    \item A nested list can form the entirety of a list item.
+    \end{enumerate}
+  \end{enumerate}
+\item We can \emph{emphasize} words.
+\item We can set words in \textbf{boldface}.
+\item We can switch to \textsf{sans-serif}
+  or \texttt{monospace} typefaces.
+\item If I don't refer to item~\ref{en:item} above
+  then it would have been pointless to have labelled it.
+\end{itemize}
+
+See Table~\ref{tab:example} for an example table.
+(Notice how it's ended up at the top of the page,
+above this text which precedes the table in the source code.
+Also observe that there's insufficient vertical space
+around the horizontal rules.)
+
+\begin{table}
+  \centering
+  \begin{tabular}{lcr}                                             \hline
+    \textbf{Left} & \textbf{Centre} & \textbf{Right}            \\ \hline
+    Left-aligned  & Mid!            & Right-aligned             \\
+    Stuff         & \multicolumn{2}{r}{spanning two columns}    \\
+    More          & random          & nonsense                  \\ \hline
+  \end{tabular}
+  \caption{An example table which contains little information of value.}
+  \label{tab:example}
+\end{table}
+
+\subsection{Mathematics}
+
+This is sort of the whole point.
+Silverman~\cite[\textsection VI.2, p.~151]{silverman:curves}
+deduces from the residue theorem that
+\[ \sum_{w\in\mathbb{C}/\Lambda} \res_w(f)
+     = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial D} f(z) \,\dd{z} \punct{.} \]
+Elsewhere, Lang~\cite[\textsection VIII.4, p.~516]{lang:algebra}
+defines the \emph{Vandermonde determinant}
+$V = V(x_1, \ldots, x_n)$ to be
+\[ V = \left| \begin{array}{cccc}
+         1     &     1     & \cdots &     1     \\
+        x_1    &    x_2    & \cdots &    x_n    \\
+       \vdots  &   \vdots  & \ddots &   \vdots  \\
+     x^{n-1}_1 & x^{n-1}_2 & \cdots & x^{n-1}_n \\
+   \end{array} \right| \punct{.} \]
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+\bibitem{lang:algebra}
+  Lang, Serge,
+  \emph{Algebra, Revised Third Edition},
+  (Springer Verlag, 2005).
+\bibitem{silverman:curves}
+  Silverman, Joseph H.,
+  \emph{The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves},
+  (Springer Verlag, 1986).
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/latex-intro.tex b/latex-intro.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68c6d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/latex-intro.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+\documentclass[t]{beamer}
+\usetheme{Madrid}
+\usefonttheme{professionalfonts}
+\usefonttheme[stillsansseriflarge, stillsansserifsmall]{serif}
+
+\usepackage[T3, T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{at}
+\usepackage{cmtt}
+\usepackage[palatino, helvetica, courier, maths=cmr]{mdwfonts}
+\usepackage{mflogo}
+\usepackage{sverb}
+\usepackage{syntax}
+\usepackage{tikz}
+  \usetikzlibrary{calc}
+  \usetikzlibrary{positioning}
+  \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}
+\usepackage{tipa}
+
+\errorcontextlines=999
+\let\listingsize=\relax
+
+\title{Whirlwind Tour of \LaTeX}
+\author{Mark Wooding}
+\date{18 March 2022}
+
+\atdef|#1|{\mtt{#1}}
+\atdef<#1>{\textit{#1}}
+
+\tikzset{every picture/.style={>=stealth, thick}}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\frame{\titlepage}
+\frame{\frametitle{Outline}
+       \tableofcontents[sectionstyle=show/show,
+                        subsectionstyle=shaded/show/hide]}
+\AtBeginSection{\frame{\frametitle{Outline}
+                       \tableofcontents[sectionstyle=show/shaded,
+                                        subsectionstyle=show/show/hide]}}
+
+\section{What is \LaTeX?}
+
+\subsection{Background and history}
+
+\begin{frame}{So what even is this \LaTeX\ thing anyway?}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item \LaTeX\ is a `document preparation system' based on Knuth's \TeX\ and
+    \MF\ programs.
+  \item You describe the document you want in a plain text file (or several),
+    run some programs, and they generate printable output.
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \centering \vfill
+  \begin{tikzpicture}
+      [file/.style={draw=black, outer sep=1mm,
+                    text height=\ht\strutbox, text depth=\dp\strutbox},
+       input/.style={file, rectangle, fill=blue!30},
+       output/.style={file, rectangle, fill=green!30},
+       program/.style={file, ellipse, fill=yellow!30}]
+
+    \uncover<+->
+      {\node[input] (tex0) at (0, 0) {\phantom{\texttt{foo.tex}}};
+       \node[input] (tex1) at ($(tex0) - (2mm, -2mm)$) {\phantom{\texttt{foo.tex}}};
+       \node[input, outer xsep=5mm, outer ysep=5mm]
+         (texn) at ($(tex1) - (2mm, -2mm)$) {\texttt{foo.tex}};}
+
+    \uncover<+->
+      {\node[program, below=7mm of texn] (latex) {\texttt{latex}};
+       \node[output, right=6mm of latex] (dvi) {\texttt{foo.dvi}};
+         \draw[->] (texn) to (latex);
+         \draw[->] (latex) to (dvi);}
+    \uncover<+->
+      {\node[program, right=6mm of dvi] (dvips) {\texttt{dvips}};
+       \node[output, right=6mm of dvips] (ps) {\texttt{foo.ps}};
+         \draw[->] (dvi) to (dvips);
+         \draw[->] (dvips) to (ps);}
+    \uncover<+->
+      {\node[program, right=6mm of ps] (ps2pdf) {\texttt{ps2pdf}};
+       \node[output, above=10mm of ps2pdf] (pdf) {\texttt{foo.pdf}};
+         \draw[->] (ps) to (ps2pdf);
+         \draw[->] (ps2pdf) to (pdf);}
+    \uncover<+->
+      {\node[program] (pdflatex) at ($(texn)!.5!(pdf)$) {\texttt{pdflatex}};
+         \draw[->] (texn) to (pdflatex);
+         \draw[->] (pdflatex) to (pdf);}
+  \end{tikzpicture}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Where does this stuff come from?}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item Donald E.\ Knuth wrote the original versions of \TeX\ and \MF\ back
+    in the late 1970s because he was dissatisfied with the appearance of the
+    second editions of \emph{The Art of Computer Programming}.  He stopped
+    evolving \TeX\ in 1982, and \MF\ in 1984.
+
+  \item These programs implement \emph{languages}:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item the \MF\ language describes bitmap glyphs in terms of lines and
+      curves; and
+    \item the \TeX\ language describes page layouts in terms of text, boxes,
+      and glue.
+    \end{itemize}
+
+  \item Both languages have a similar structure:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item a base layer of primitive commands; and
+    \item a macro layer to sequence the commands.
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Writing and saying the names}
+  This is unfortunately tricky.
+  \pause
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item The letters in \TeX\ are \emph{Greek}: capital tau, epsilon, chi.  So
+    it should be pronounced as \textipa{/tEx/}.  \uncover<+->{`\emph{When you
+    say it corretly to your computer, the terminal may become slightly
+    moist.}'}
+  \item While Knuth was working on \TeX, Honeywell's `Text EXecutive'
+    processor appeared, so it was important that they not be confused.
+  \item In print, ideally the `E' should be lowered.  In media that don't
+    allow this, it's usual to write the `E' in lowercase, as `\texttt{TeX}'.
+  \item The name `\LaTeX' is short for `Lamport \TeX', after its initial
+    author.
+  \item Lamport is not proscriptive about pronunciation: \textipa{/"lA:tEk/},
+    \textipa{/"lEItEk/}, \textipa{/"lA:tEx/}, \textipa{/"lEItEx/},
+    \textipa{/"lA:tEks/}, \textipa{/"lEItEks/} are all fine (but the last
+    risks confusion with dispersons of polymer microparticles in water).
+  \item In writing, the `A' of `\LaTeX' is reduced, raised and kerned over
+    the `L'; in media that can't do this, it's usual to write it in
+    lowercase, as `\texttt{LaTeX}'.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{So, err, again, what's this \LaTeX\ thing?}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item \LaTeX\ is a \emph{macro package} (called a `format') for \TeX.  It
+    provides the machinery to describe \emph{documents} in terms of their
+    \emph{content}, \emph{structure}, and \emph{style}.
+  \item \LaTeX\ was originally written by Leslie Lamport.  The moderm
+    version, \LaTeXe\ was extensively reworked by `The \LaTeX~3 Project';
+    \LaTeX~3 is still basically vapourware.
+  \item Other \TeX\ formats exist, notably Hans Hagen's Con\TeX{}t.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Strengths and weaknesses}
+
+\begin{frame}{What \TeX\ is good at}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item Knuth developed an excellent line-breaking algorithm, which examines
+    whole paragraphs at a time to decide how best to split them into lines.
+    General page layout is excellent.
+  \item Typesetting mathematics well was one of Knuth's primary objectives
+    for \TeX.  Knuth studied mathematical typsetting practices of the time
+    carefully; \TeX\ has pretty much taken over as the standard, since it's
+    been used for just about all serious mathematical communication for the
+    last thirty years.
+  \item \LaTeX's \emph{float} machinery, for placing tables and figures at
+    the top or bottom of pages `near' to the right place, generally works
+    rather well, though sometimes it needs some gentle kicking.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{What \TeX\ is bad at}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item The default fonts (Knuth's Computer Modern family) are widely
+    considered to be rather ugly.
+  \item Cross-references and tables of contents are good; but \TeX\ processes
+    the document strictly start-to-finish, and you must run \texttt{latex}
+    multiple times to get the document to converge.
+  \item Multiline text in tables is annoying: you must specify the column
+    width explicitly.
+  \item Complex layout and graphics are possible using extensions (e.g.,
+    \texttt{pstricks}, Ti\textit{k}Z), but this is something of an acquired
+    taste.
+  \item In particular, trying to place graphics in paragraphs, with the text
+    flowing around them, is extremely difficult and doesn't work well.
+  \item Generally trying to do things off the well-trodden path leaves you
+    having to program \TeX\ to do things the hard way.  Alas, \TeX's
+    programming facilities are weird and primitive, and this is widely
+    considered not to be very enjoyable.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{How do I install \LaTeX?}
+
+\begin{frame}{\TeX\ distributions}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item The \TeX\ system is one of the most widely ported serious programs
+    ever.  Ports will be available for every system you might want to run it
+    on.
+  \item There are \emph{lots} of pieces.  Fitting them together is no fun at
+    all.
+  \item A \TeX\ \emph{distribution} comes will all of the necessary pieces
+    set up for you ready to go.
+  \item The `\TeX\ Live' distribution is free and runs on Unix (including
+    Linux), Windows and Mac\,OS.  It's Unixy in flavour.  This is what I use.
+  \item If you run Linux, your distribution should provide \TeX\ Live
+    packages.  On Debian and Ubuntu, \texttt{apt install texlive-full}.
+  \item For Windows, MiK\TeX\ seems to be the popular choice.
+  \item For Mac\,OS, Mac\TeX seems to be the \TeX\ Live distribution of
+    choice.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{How do I use \LaTeX?}
+
+\subsection{Basic syntax}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{A minimal document}
+  The following will give you a single sheet of paper with the text `Hello,
+  world!' printed on it.
+  \begin{listing}
+\documentclass{article}
+\begin{document}
+Hello, world!
+\end{document}
+  \end{listing}
+  \pause
+  Unfortunately, it will want to give you a sheet of \emph{US letter}-sized
+  paper.
+  \begin{listing}
+\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
+\begin{document}
+Hello, world!
+\end{document}
+  \end{listing}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Magical characters}
+  The \TeX\ language steals quite a lot of characters for its own purposes.
+  There are more-or-less convenient ways of typesetting them literally.
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item The backslash `@|\\|' introduces \emph{control sequences}.
+  \item Braces `@|\{|\dots@|\}|' surround arguments and group things
+    together.
+  \item The percent sign `@|\\\%|' starts a comment which continues to the
+    end of the line.
+  \item The dollar sign `@|\$|' switches into or out of mathematical text.
+  \item The ampersand `@|\&|' separates cells in tables.
+  \item The ampersand `@|\#|' indicates where to substitute argument values
+    in macros and alignments.
+  \item The underscore `@|\_|' and caret `@|\^|' indicate mathematical
+    \emph{subscripts} and \emph{superscripts}.
+  \item The tilde `@|\~|' is like a space, but prevents line breaking.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Whitespace}
+  Whitespace is somewhat significant to \TeX.
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item Spaces separate words and allow line breaking.  Multiple spaces mean
+    the same a single space.
+  \item A single newline acts just like a space, so you can break paragraphs
+    in your source text however you like.
+  \item A \emph{blank line} indicates a paragraph break.  (\TeX\ actually
+    synthesizes a @|\\par| command internally when it sees a blank line.)
+  \item A comment, and its terminating newline, are \emph{entirely} ignored.
+  \item White space \emph{also} terminates alphabetic control-sequence
+    names.  Use `@|\\ |' to force an actual space to the output.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Basic structure}
+  (Download the PDF from \url{https://odin.gg/u/VlC}.)
+  \begin{block}<+->{Overview}
+\begin{listing}
+\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
+...
+\title{...}
+\author{...}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\begin{abstract}
+  ...
+\end{abstract}
+\tableofcontents
+\section{...}
+...
+\end{document}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Paragraphs}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Paragraphs}
+\begin{listing}
+This is an initial paragraph ...
+
+This is a second paragraph, ...
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Lists}
+\begin{listing}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item We can typeset lists of things.
+\item
+  \begin{enumerate}
+  \item ...
+  \end{enumerate}
+...
+\end{itemize}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Font changes}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Font changes}
+\begin{listing}
+... \emph{...} ...
+... \textbf{...} ...
+... \textsf{...} ...
+... \texttt{...} ...
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Cross-references}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Labelling things}
+\begin{listing}
+\section{...} \label{sec:...}
+...
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item \label{en:...}
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Referring to things}
+\begin{listing}
+... Section~\ref{sec:...} ...
+...
+... item~\ref{en:...} ...
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Tables}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Table}
+\begin{listing}
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{...}                 \hline
+  ... & ... & ...                 \\ \hline
+  ... & ... & ...                 \\
+  ... & \multicolumn{2}{...}{...} \\
+  ... & ... & ...                 \\ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Floating environments}
+\begin{listing}
+\begin{table}
+  ...
+  \caption{...}
+  \label{tab:...}
+\end{table}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Mathematics}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Inline maths; display maths}
+\begin{listing}
+... $...$ ...
+\[ ... \]
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{More symbols}
+\begin{listing}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{General stuff}
+\begin{listing}
+... x^{n-1}_2 ...
+... \frac{...}{...} ...
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Matrices}
+\begin{listing}
+\left( \begin{array}{...}
+  ... & ... & ... \\ ...
+\end{array} \right)
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example document: Miscellaneous niceties}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Character sets}
+\begin{listing}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Localization}
+\begin{listing}
+\usepackage[british]{babel}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Hyperlinking}
+\begin{listing}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Non-default fonts}
+\begin{listing}
+\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ppl}
+\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr}
+\end{listing}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\section{What useful packages are there?}
+
+\begin{frame}{\LaTeX\ packages}
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item Generally, the answer to `How do I do this thing in \LaTeX?' is
+    `Someone wrote a package to do just that.'
+  \item Trying to do things yourself gets you enmired in raw \TeX\
+    programming.  If that sounds like fun then go right ahead.
+  \item The \TeX\ Live distribution comes bundled with \emph{over two
+    thousand} packages, pretty much everything in the Comprehensive \TeX\
+    Archive Network (CTAN).  You just need to add the right @|\\usepackage|
+    command to your document preamble.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{The most important packages}
+  My highly individual view:
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item The standard package collection includes \texttt{color},
+    \texttt{dcolumn}, \texttt{graphicx}, \texttt{longtable}, and
+    \texttt{tabularx}.
+  \item \texttt{babel} supports `foreign' -- i.e., not American English --
+    languages, with many of their distinctive typesetting conventions.
+  \item \texttt{hyperref} does automatic hyperlinking in PDF documents.
+  \item \texttt{tikz} does drawings and diagrams.
+  \item \texttt{beamer} makes presentations like this one.
+  \item \texttt{memoir} is an extremely versatile document class, intended
+    mostly for high-quality books.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{How do I find out more?}
+
+\begin{frame}{Books}
+  Alas, much basic documentation is in conventionally-published books. \\
+  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+  \item \emph{The \LaTeX{}book} by Leslie Lamport.
+  \item \emph{The \LaTeX\ Companion} by the \LaTeX\ maintainers.
+  \item \emph{The \TeX book} by Don Knuth.
+  \end{itemize}
+  \uncover<+->{(All published by Addison Wesley.)} \medskip
+
+  \uncover<+->{There is \emph{\LaTeXe: An unofficial reference manual}, by
+    Stephen Gilmore, Torsten Martinsen, and Karl Berry, included with \TeX\
+    Live.}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Online}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Learning}
+    \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+    \item<.-> There is much good information at \url{https://texfaq.org/}.
+    \item \url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-man-latex} links to many introductions
+      to \LaTeX.  \emph{I've not read any of them.}
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}<+->{Asking for help}
+    \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+    \item<.-> Traditionally, Usenet \texttt{comp.text.tex}.
+    \item Now, probably \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/} looks like your
+      best bet.
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+
+%%% Local variables:
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-PDF-mode: t
+%%% TeX-master: t
+%%% End:
-- 
2.11.0

