PSCP now uses the modern SFTP protocol if it can, and falls back to
[u/mdw/putty] / ssh.c
diff --git a/ssh.c b/ssh.c
index c75c8fe..2c53823 100644 (file)
--- a/ssh.c
+++ b/ssh.c
@@ -195,14 +195,43 @@ enum { PKT_END, PKT_INT, PKT_CHAR, PKT_DATA, PKT_STR, PKT_BIGNUM };
 
 extern char *x11_init(Socket *, char *, void *);
 extern void x11_close(Socket);
-extern void x11_send(Socket, char *, int);
+extern int x11_send(Socket, char *, int);
 extern void x11_invent_auth(char *, int, char *, int);
+extern void x11_unthrottle(Socket s);
+extern void x11_override_throttle(Socket s, int enable);
 
 extern char *pfd_newconnect(Socket * s, char *hostname, int port, void *c);
 extern char *pfd_addforward(char *desthost, int destport, int port);
 extern void pfd_close(Socket s);
-extern void pfd_send(Socket s, char *data, int len);
+extern int pfd_send(Socket s, char *data, int len);
 extern void pfd_confirm(Socket s);
+extern void pfd_unthrottle(Socket s);
+extern void pfd_override_throttle(Socket s, int enable);
+
+/*
+ * Buffer management constants. There are several of these for
+ * various different purposes:
+ * 
+ *  - SSH1_BUFFER_LIMIT is the amount of backlog that must build up
+ *    on a local data stream before we throttle the whole SSH
+ *    connection (in SSH1 only). Throttling the whole connection is
+ *    pretty drastic so we set this high in the hope it won't
+ *    happen very often.
+ * 
+ *  - SSH_MAX_BACKLOG is the amount of backlog that must build up
+ *    on the SSH connection itself before we defensively throttle
+ *    _all_ local data streams. This is pretty drastic too (though
+ *    thankfully unlikely in SSH2 since the window mechanism should
+ *    ensure that the server never has any need to throttle its end
+ *    of the connection), so we set this high as well.
+ * 
+ *  - OUR_V2_WINSIZE is the maximum window size we present on SSH2
+ *    channels.
+ */
+
+#define SSH1_BUFFER_LIMIT 32768
+#define SSH_MAX_BACKLOG 32768
+#define OUR_V2_WINSIZE 16384
 
 /*
  * Ciphers for SSH2. We miss out single-DES because it isn't
@@ -282,11 +311,16 @@ struct ssh_channel {
     unsigned remoteid, localid;
     int type;
     int closes;
-    struct ssh2_data_channel {
-       unsigned char *outbuffer;
-       unsigned outbuflen, outbufsize;
-       unsigned remwindow, remmaxpkt;
-    } v2;
+    union {
+       struct ssh1_data_channel {
+           int throttling;
+       } v1;
+       struct ssh2_data_channel {
+           bufchain outbuffer;
+           unsigned remwindow, remmaxpkt;
+           unsigned locwindow;
+       } v2;
+    } v;
     union {
        struct ssh_agent_channel {
            unsigned char *message;
@@ -394,17 +428,30 @@ static struct Packet pktout = { 0, 0, NULL, NULL, 0 };
 static unsigned char *deferred_send_data = NULL;
 static int deferred_len = 0, deferred_size = 0;
 
+/*
+ * Gross hack: pscp will try to start SFTP but fall back to scp1 if
+ * that fails. This variable is the means by which scp.c can reach
+ * into the SSH code and find out which one it got.
+ */
+int ssh_fallback_cmd = 0;
+
 static int ssh_version;
+static int ssh1_throttle_count;
+static int ssh_overall_bufsize;
+static int ssh_throttled_all;
+static int ssh1_stdout_throttling;
 static void (*ssh_protocol) (unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt);
 static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt);
 static void ssh2_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt);
 static void ssh_size(void);
 static void ssh_special(Telnet_Special);
-static void ssh2_try_send(struct ssh_channel *c);
+static int ssh2_try_send(struct ssh_channel *c);
 static void ssh2_add_channel_data(struct ssh_channel *c, char *buf,
                                  int len);
-
+static void ssh_throttle_all(int enable, int bufsize);
+static void ssh2_set_window(struct ssh_channel *c, unsigned newwin);
 static int (*s_rdpkt) (unsigned char **data, int *datalen);
+static int ssh_sendbuffer(void);
 
 static struct rdpkt1_state_tag {
     long len, pad, biglen, to_read;
@@ -936,9 +983,11 @@ static int s_wrpkt_prepare(void)
 
 static void s_wrpkt(void)
 {
-    int len;
+    int len, backlog;
     len = s_wrpkt_prepare();
-    sk_write(s, pktout.data, len);
+    backlog = sk_write(s, pktout.data, len);
+    if (backlog > SSH_MAX_BACKLOG)
+       ssh_throttle_all(1, backlog);
 }
 
 static void s_wrpkt_defer(void)
@@ -1244,8 +1293,12 @@ static int ssh2_pkt_construct(void)
  */
 static void ssh2_pkt_send(void)
 {
-    int len = ssh2_pkt_construct();
-    sk_write(s, pktout.data, len);
+    int len;
+    int backlog;
+    len = ssh2_pkt_construct();
+    backlog = sk_write(s, pktout.data, len);
+    if (backlog > SSH_MAX_BACKLOG)
+       ssh_throttle_all(1, backlog);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1276,10 +1329,13 @@ static void ssh2_pkt_defer(void)
  */
 static void ssh_pkt_defersend(void)
 {
-    sk_write(s, deferred_send_data, deferred_len);
+    int backlog;
+    backlog = sk_write(s, deferred_send_data, deferred_len);
     deferred_len = deferred_size = 0;
     sfree(deferred_send_data);
     deferred_send_data = NULL;
+    if (backlog > SSH_MAX_BACKLOG)
+       ssh_throttle_all(1, backlog);
 }
 
 #if 0
@@ -1579,6 +1635,16 @@ static int ssh_receive(Plug plug, int urgent, char *data, int len)
     return 1;
 }
 
+static void ssh_sent(Plug plug, int bufsize)
+{
+    /*
+     * If the send backlog on the SSH socket itself clears, we
+     * should unthrottle the whole world if it was throttled.
+     */
+    if (bufsize < SSH_MAX_BACKLOG)
+       ssh_throttle_all(0, bufsize);
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to specified host and port.
  * Returns an error message, or NULL on success.
@@ -1589,7 +1655,9 @@ static char *connect_to_host(char *host, int port, char **realhost)
 {
     static struct plug_function_table fn_table = {
        ssh_closing,
-       ssh_receive
+       ssh_receive,
+       ssh_sent,
+       NULL
     }, *fn_table_ptr = &fn_table;
 
     SockAddr addr;
@@ -1647,6 +1715,56 @@ static char *connect_to_host(char *host, int port, char **realhost)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Throttle or unthrottle the SSH connection.
+ */
+static void ssh1_throttle(int adjust)
+{
+    int old_count = ssh1_throttle_count;
+    ssh1_throttle_count += adjust;
+    assert(ssh1_throttle_count >= 0);
+    if (ssh1_throttle_count && !old_count) {
+       sk_set_frozen(s, 1);
+    } else if (!ssh1_throttle_count && old_count) {
+       sk_set_frozen(s, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Throttle or unthrottle _all_ local data streams (for when sends
+ * on the SSH connection itself back up).
+ */
+static void ssh_throttle_all(int enable, int bufsize)
+{
+    int i;
+    struct ssh_channel *c;
+
+    if (enable == ssh_throttled_all)
+       return;
+    ssh_throttled_all = enable;
+    ssh_overall_bufsize = bufsize;
+    if (!ssh_channels)
+       return;
+    for (i = 0; NULL != (c = index234(ssh_channels, i)); i++) {
+       switch (c->type) {
+         case CHAN_MAINSESSION:
+           /*
+            * This is treated separately, outside the switch.
+            */
+           break;
+         case CHAN_X11:
+           x11_override_throttle(c->u.x11.s, enable);
+           break;
+         case CHAN_AGENT:
+           /* Agent channels require no buffer management. */
+           break;
+         case CHAN_SOCKDATA:
+           pfd_override_throttle(c->u.x11.s, enable);
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+/*
  * Handle the key exchange and user authentication phases.
  */
 static int do_ssh1_login(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
@@ -1751,31 +1869,45 @@ static int do_ssh1_login(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
 
     logevent("Encrypted session key");
 
-    switch (cfg.cipher) {
-      case CIPHER_BLOWFISH:
-       cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_BLOWFISH;
-       break;
-      case CIPHER_DES:
-       cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_DES;
-       break;
-      case CIPHER_3DES:
-       cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_3DES;
-       break;
-      case CIPHER_AES:
-       c_write_str("AES not supported in SSH1, falling back to 3DES\r\n");
-       cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_3DES;
-       break;
-    }
-    if ((supported_ciphers_mask & (1 << cipher_type)) == 0) {
-       c_write_str
-           ("Selected cipher not supported, falling back to 3DES\r\n");
-       cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_3DES;
-       if ((supported_ciphers_mask & (1 << cipher_type)) == 0) {
-           bombout(("Server violates SSH 1 protocol by "
-                    "not supporting 3DES encryption"));
+    {
+       int cipher_chosen = 0, warn = 0;
+       char *cipher_string = NULL;
+       for (i = 0; !cipher_chosen && i < CIPHER_MAX; i++) {
+           int next_cipher = cfg.ssh_cipherlist[i];
+           if (next_cipher == CIPHER_WARN) {
+               /* If/when we choose a cipher, warn about it */
+               warn = 1;
+           } else if (next_cipher == CIPHER_AES) {
+               /* XXX Probably don't need to mention this. */
+               logevent("AES not supported in SSH1, skipping");
+           } else {
+               switch (next_cipher) {
+                 case CIPHER_3DES:     cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_3DES;
+                                       cipher_string = "3DES"; break;
+                 case CIPHER_BLOWFISH: cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_BLOWFISH;
+                                       cipher_string = "Blowfish"; break;
+                 case CIPHER_DES:      cipher_type = SSH_CIPHER_DES;
+                                       cipher_string = "single-DES"; break;
+               }
+               if (supported_ciphers_mask & (1 << cipher_type))
+                   cipher_chosen = 1;
+           }
+       }
+       if (!cipher_chosen) {
+           if ((supported_ciphers_mask & (1 << SSH_CIPHER_3DES)) == 0)
+               bombout(("Server violates SSH 1 protocol by not "
+                        "supporting 3DES encryption"));
+           else
+               /* shouldn't happen */
+               bombout(("No supported ciphers found"));
            crReturn(0);
        }
+
+       /* Warn about chosen cipher if necessary. */
+       if (warn)
+           askcipher(cipher_string, 0);
     }
+
     switch (cipher_type) {
       case SSH_CIPHER_3DES:
        logevent("Using 3DES encryption");
@@ -2346,15 +2478,35 @@ void sshfwd_close(struct ssh_channel *c)
     }
 }
 
-void sshfwd_write(struct ssh_channel *c, char *buf, int len)
+int sshfwd_write(struct ssh_channel *c, char *buf, int len)
 {
     if (ssh_version == 1) {
        send_packet(SSH1_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA,
                    PKT_INT, c->remoteid,
                    PKT_INT, len, PKT_DATA, buf, len, PKT_END);
+       /*
+        * In SSH1 we can return 0 here - implying that forwarded
+        * connections are never individually throttled - because
+        * the only circumstance that can cause throttling will be
+        * the whole SSH connection backing up, in which case
+        * _everything_ will be throttled as a whole.
+        */
+       return 0;
     } else {
        ssh2_add_channel_data(c, buf, len);
-       ssh2_try_send(c);
+       return ssh2_try_send(c);
+    }
+}
+
+void sshfwd_unthrottle(struct ssh_channel *c, int bufsize)
+{
+    if (ssh_version == 1) {
+       if (c->v.v1.throttling && bufsize < SSH1_BUFFER_LIMIT) {
+           c->v.v1.throttling = 0;
+           ssh1_throttle(-1);
+       }
+    } else {
+       ssh2_set_window(c, OUR_V2_WINSIZE - bufsize);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2518,12 +2670,26 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
        zlib_decompress_init();
     }
 
-    if (*cfg.remote_cmd_ptr)
-       send_packet(SSH1_CMSG_EXEC_CMD, PKT_STR, cfg.remote_cmd_ptr,
-                   PKT_END);
-    else
-       send_packet(SSH1_CMSG_EXEC_SHELL, PKT_END);
-    logevent("Started session");
+    /*
+     * Start the shell or command.
+     * 
+     * Special case: if the first-choice command is an SSH2
+     * subsystem (hence not usable here) and the second choice
+     * exists, we fall straight back to that.
+     */
+    {
+       char *cmd = cfg.remote_cmd_ptr;
+       
+       if (cfg.ssh_subsys && cfg.remote_cmd_ptr2) {
+           cmd = cfg.remote_cmd_ptr2;
+           ssh_fallback_cmd = TRUE;
+       }
+       if (*cmd)
+           send_packet(SSH1_CMSG_EXEC_CMD, PKT_STR, cmd, PKT_END);
+       else
+           send_packet(SSH1_CMSG_EXEC_SHELL, PKT_END);
+       logevent("Started session");
+    }
 
     ssh_state = SSH_STATE_SESSION;
     if (size_needed)
@@ -2540,8 +2706,13 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
            if (pktin.type == SSH1_SMSG_STDOUT_DATA ||
                pktin.type == SSH1_SMSG_STDERR_DATA) {
                long len = GET_32BIT(pktin.body);
-               from_backend(pktin.type == SSH1_SMSG_STDERR_DATA,
-                            pktin.body + 4, len);
+               int bufsize =
+                   from_backend(pktin.type == SSH1_SMSG_STDERR_DATA,
+                                pktin.body + 4, len);
+               if (bufsize > SSH1_BUFFER_LIMIT) {
+                   ssh1_stdout_throttling = 1;
+                   ssh1_throttle(+1);
+               }
            } else if (pktin.type == SSH1_MSG_DISCONNECT) {
                ssh_state = SSH_STATE_CLOSED;
                logevent("Received disconnect request");
@@ -2572,6 +2743,7 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                        c->remoteid = GET_32BIT(pktin.body);
                        c->localid = alloc_channel_id();
                        c->closes = 0;
+                       c->v.v1.throttling = 0;
                        c->type = CHAN_X11;     /* identify channel type */
                        add234(ssh_channels, c);
                        send_packet(SSH1_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION,
@@ -2594,6 +2766,7 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                    c->remoteid = GET_32BIT(pktin.body);
                    c->localid = alloc_channel_id();
                    c->closes = 0;
+                   c->v.v1.throttling = 0;
                    c->type = CHAN_AGENT;       /* identify channel type */
                    c->u.a.lensofar = 0;
                    add234(ssh_channels, c);
@@ -2646,6 +2819,7 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                        c->remoteid = GET_32BIT(pktin.body);
                        c->localid = alloc_channel_id();
                        c->closes = 0;
+                       c->v.v1.throttling = 0;
                        c->type = CHAN_SOCKDATA;        /* identify channel type */
                        add234(ssh_channels, c);
                        send_packet(SSH1_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION,
@@ -2706,12 +2880,13 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                struct ssh_channel *c;
                c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
                if (c) {
+                   int bufsize;
                    switch (c->type) {
                      case CHAN_X11:
-                       x11_send(c->u.x11.s, p, len);
+                       bufsize = x11_send(c->u.x11.s, p, len);
                        break;
                      case CHAN_SOCKDATA:
-                       pfd_send(c->u.pfd.s, p, len);
+                       bufsize = pfd_send(c->u.pfd.s, p, len);
                        break;
                      case CHAN_AGENT:
                        /* Data for an agent message. Buffer it. */
@@ -2764,8 +2939,13 @@ static void ssh1_protocol(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                                c->u.a.lensofar = 0;
                            }
                        }
+                       bufsize = 0;   /* agent channels never back up */
                        break;
                    }
+                   if (bufsize > SSH1_BUFFER_LIMIT) {
+                       c->v.v1.throttling = 1;
+                       ssh1_throttle(+1);
+                   }
                }
            } else if (pktin.type == SSH1_SMSG_SUCCESS) {
                /* may be from EXEC_SHELL on some servers */
@@ -2847,7 +3027,7 @@ static void ssh2_mkkey(Bignum K, char *H, char *sessid, char chr,
  */
 static int do_ssh2_transport(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
 {
-    static int i, j, len, nbits, pbits;
+    static int i, j, len, nbits, pbits, warn;
     static char *str;
     static Bignum p, g, e, f, K;
     static int kex_init_value, kex_reply_value;
@@ -2864,7 +3044,8 @@ static int do_ssh2_transport(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
     static void *hkey;                /* actual host key */
     static unsigned char exchange_hash[20];
     static unsigned char keyspace[40];
-    static const struct ssh2_ciphers *preferred_cipher;
+    static int n_preferred_ciphers;
+    static const struct ssh2_ciphers *preferred_ciphers[CIPHER_MAX];
     static const struct ssh_compress *preferred_comp;
     static int first_kex;
 
@@ -2873,21 +3054,40 @@ static int do_ssh2_transport(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
     first_kex = 1;
 
     /*
-     * Set up the preferred cipher and compression.
+     * Set up the preferred ciphers. (NULL => warn below here)
      */
-    if (cfg.cipher == CIPHER_BLOWFISH) {
-       preferred_cipher = &ssh2_blowfish;
-    } else if (cfg.cipher == CIPHER_DES) {
-       logevent("Single DES not supported in SSH2; using 3DES");
-       preferred_cipher = &ssh2_3des;
-    } else if (cfg.cipher == CIPHER_3DES) {
-       preferred_cipher = &ssh2_3des;
-    } else if (cfg.cipher == CIPHER_AES) {
-       preferred_cipher = &ssh2_aes;
-    } else {
-       /* Shouldn't happen, but we do want to initialise to _something_. */
-       preferred_cipher = &ssh2_3des;
+    n_preferred_ciphers = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < CIPHER_MAX; i++) {
+       switch (cfg.ssh_cipherlist[i]) {
+         case CIPHER_BLOWFISH:
+           preferred_ciphers[n_preferred_ciphers] = &ssh2_blowfish;
+           n_preferred_ciphers++;
+           break;
+         case CIPHER_DES:
+           /* Not supported in SSH2; silently drop */
+           break;
+         case CIPHER_3DES:
+           preferred_ciphers[n_preferred_ciphers] = &ssh2_3des;
+           n_preferred_ciphers++;
+           break;
+         case CIPHER_AES:
+           preferred_ciphers[n_preferred_ciphers] = &ssh2_aes;
+           n_preferred_ciphers++;
+           break;
+         case CIPHER_WARN:
+           /* Flag for later. Don't bother if it's the last in
+            * the list. */
+           if (i < CIPHER_MAX - 1) {
+               preferred_ciphers[n_preferred_ciphers] = NULL;
+               n_preferred_ciphers++;
+           }
+           break;
+       }
     }
+
+    /*
+     * Set up preferred compression.
+     */
     if (cfg.compression)
        preferred_comp = &ssh_zlib;
     else
@@ -2924,23 +3124,23 @@ static int do_ssh2_transport(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
     }
     /* List client->server encryption algorithms. */
     ssh2_pkt_addstring_start();
-    for (i = 0; i < lenof(ciphers) + 1; i++) {
-       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c =
-           i == 0 ? preferred_cipher : ciphers[i - 1];
+    for (i = 0; i < n_preferred_ciphers; i++) {
+       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c = preferred_ciphers[i];
+       if (!c) continue;              /* warning flag */
        for (j = 0; j < c->nciphers; j++) {
            ssh2_pkt_addstring_str(c->list[j]->name);
-           if (i < lenof(ciphers) || j < c->nciphers - 1)
+           if (i < n_preferred_ciphers || j < c->nciphers - 1)
                ssh2_pkt_addstring_str(",");
        }
     }
     /* List server->client encryption algorithms. */
     ssh2_pkt_addstring_start();
-    for (i = 0; i < lenof(ciphers) + 1; i++) {
-       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c =
-           i == 0 ? preferred_cipher : ciphers[i - 1];
+    for (i = 0; i < n_preferred_ciphers; i++) {
+       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c = preferred_ciphers[i];
+       if (!c) continue; /* warning flag */
        for (j = 0; j < c->nciphers; j++) {
            ssh2_pkt_addstring_str(c->list[j]->name);
-           if (i < lenof(ciphers) || j < c->nciphers - 1)
+           if (i < n_preferred_ciphers || j < c->nciphers - 1)
                ssh2_pkt_addstring_str(",");
        }
     }
@@ -3026,30 +3226,44 @@ static int do_ssh2_transport(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
        }
     }
     ssh2_pkt_getstring(&str, &len);    /* client->server cipher */
-    for (i = 0; i < lenof(ciphers) + 1; i++) {
-       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c =
-           i == 0 ? preferred_cipher : ciphers[i - 1];
-       for (j = 0; j < c->nciphers; j++) {
-           if (in_commasep_string(c->list[j]->name, str, len)) {
-               cscipher_tobe = c->list[j];
-               break;
+    warn = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < n_preferred_ciphers; i++) {
+       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c = preferred_ciphers[i];
+       if (!c) {
+           warn = 1;
+       } else {
+           for (j = 0; j < c->nciphers; j++) {
+               if (in_commasep_string(c->list[j]->name, str, len)) {
+                   cscipher_tobe = c->list[j];
+                   break;
+               }
            }
        }
-       if (cscipher_tobe)
+       if (cscipher_tobe) {
+           if (warn)
+               askcipher(cscipher_tobe->name, 1);
            break;
+       }
     }
     ssh2_pkt_getstring(&str, &len);    /* server->client cipher */
-    for (i = 0; i < lenof(ciphers) + 1; i++) {
-       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c =
-           i == 0 ? preferred_cipher : ciphers[i - 1];
-       for (j = 0; j < c->nciphers; j++) {
-           if (in_commasep_string(c->list[j]->name, str, len)) {
-               sccipher_tobe = c->list[j];
-               break;
+    warn = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < n_preferred_ciphers; i++) {
+       const struct ssh2_ciphers *c = preferred_ciphers[i];
+       if (!c) {
+           warn = 1;
+       } else {
+           for (j = 0; j < c->nciphers; j++) {
+               if (in_commasep_string(c->list[j]->name, str, len)) {
+                   sccipher_tobe = c->list[j];
+                   break;
+               }
            }
        }
-       if (sccipher_tobe)
+       if (sccipher_tobe) {
+           if (warn)
+               askcipher(sccipher_tobe->name, 2);
            break;
+       }
     }
     ssh2_pkt_getstring(&str, &len);    /* client->server mac */
     for (i = 0; i < nmacs; i++) {
@@ -3272,33 +3486,49 @@ static int do_ssh2_transport(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
 static void ssh2_add_channel_data(struct ssh_channel *c, char *buf,
                                  int len)
 {
-    if (c->v2.outbufsize < c->v2.outbuflen + len) {
-       c->v2.outbufsize = c->v2.outbuflen + len + 1024;
-       c->v2.outbuffer = srealloc(c->v2.outbuffer, c->v2.outbufsize);
-    }
-    memcpy(c->v2.outbuffer + c->v2.outbuflen, buf, len);
-    c->v2.outbuflen += len;
+    bufchain_add(&c->v.v2.outbuffer, buf, len);
 }
 
 /*
  * Attempt to send data on an SSH2 channel.
  */
-static void ssh2_try_send(struct ssh_channel *c)
+static int ssh2_try_send(struct ssh_channel *c)
 {
-    while (c->v2.remwindow > 0 && c->v2.outbuflen > 0) {
-       unsigned len = c->v2.remwindow;
-       if (len > c->v2.outbuflen)
-           len = c->v2.outbuflen;
-       if (len > c->v2.remmaxpkt)
-           len = c->v2.remmaxpkt;
+    while (c->v.v2.remwindow > 0 && bufchain_size(&c->v.v2.outbuffer) > 0) {
+       int len;
+       void *data;
+       bufchain_prefix(&c->v.v2.outbuffer, &data, &len);
+       if ((unsigned)len > c->v.v2.remwindow)
+           len = c->v.v2.remwindow;
+       if ((unsigned)len > c->v.v2.remmaxpkt)
+           len = c->v.v2.remmaxpkt;
        ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA);
        ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->remoteid);
        ssh2_pkt_addstring_start();
-       ssh2_pkt_addstring_data(c->v2.outbuffer, len);
+       ssh2_pkt_addstring_data(data, len);
+       ssh2_pkt_send();
+       bufchain_consume(&c->v.v2.outbuffer, len);
+       c->v.v2.remwindow -= len;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * After having sent as much data as we can, return the amount
+     * still buffered.
+     */
+    return bufchain_size(&c->v.v2.outbuffer);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Potentially enlarge the window on an SSH2 channel.
+ */
+static void ssh2_set_window(struct ssh_channel *c, unsigned newwin)
+{
+    if (newwin > c->v.v2.locwindow) {
+       ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
+       ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->remoteid);
+       ssh2_pkt_adduint32(newwin - c->v.v2.locwindow);
        ssh2_pkt_send();
-       c->v2.outbuflen -= len;
-       memmove(c->v2.outbuffer, c->v2.outbuffer + len, c->v2.outbuflen);
-       c->v2.remwindow -= len;
+       c->v.v2.locwindow = newwin;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3497,7 +3727,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                 * This is a further prompt in keyboard-interactive
                 * authentication. Do nothing.
                 */
-           } else if (!pktin.type != SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE) {
+           } else if (pktin.type != SSH2_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE) {
                bombout(("Strange packet received during authentication: type %d",
                         pktin.type));
                crReturnV;
@@ -4047,7 +4277,8 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
     ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN);
     ssh2_pkt_addstring("session");
     ssh2_pkt_adduint32(mainchan->localid);
-    ssh2_pkt_adduint32(0x8000UL);      /* our window size */
+    mainchan->v.v2.locwindow = OUR_V2_WINSIZE;
+    ssh2_pkt_adduint32(mainchan->v.v2.locwindow);      /* our window size */
     ssh2_pkt_adduint32(0x4000UL);      /* our max pkt size */
     ssh2_pkt_send();
     crWaitUntilV(ispkt);
@@ -4063,10 +4294,9 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
     mainchan->remoteid = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
     mainchan->type = CHAN_MAINSESSION;
     mainchan->closes = 0;
-    mainchan->v2.remwindow = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
-    mainchan->v2.remmaxpkt = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
-    mainchan->v2.outbuffer = NULL;
-    mainchan->v2.outbuflen = mainchan->v2.outbufsize = 0;
+    mainchan->v.v2.remwindow = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+    mainchan->v.v2.remmaxpkt = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+    bufchain_init(&mainchan->v.v2.outbuffer);
     add234(ssh_channels, mainchan);
     logevent("Opened channel for session");
 
@@ -4095,7 +4325,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
                if (!c)
                    continue;          /* nonexistent channel */
-               c->v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               c->v.v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
            }
        } while (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
 
@@ -4183,7 +4413,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                                c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
                                if (!c)
                                    continue;/* nonexistent channel */
-                               c->v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+                               c->v.v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
                            }
                        } while (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
 
@@ -4221,7 +4451,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
                if (!c)
                    continue;          /* nonexistent channel */
-               c->v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               c->v.v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
            }
        } while (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
 
@@ -4264,7 +4494,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
                if (!c)
                    continue;          /* nonexistent channel */
-               c->v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               c->v.v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
            }
        } while (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
 
@@ -4283,43 +4513,70 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
     }
 
     /*
-     * Start a shell or a remote command.
+     * Start a shell or a remote command. We may have to attempt
+     * this twice if the config data has provided a second choice
+     * of command.
      */
-    ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST);
-    ssh2_pkt_adduint32(mainchan->remoteid);    /* recipient channel */
-    if (cfg.ssh_subsys) {
-       ssh2_pkt_addstring("subsystem");
-       ssh2_pkt_addbool(1);           /* want reply */
-       ssh2_pkt_addstring(cfg.remote_cmd_ptr);
-    } else if (*cfg.remote_cmd_ptr) {
-       ssh2_pkt_addstring("exec");
-       ssh2_pkt_addbool(1);           /* want reply */
-       ssh2_pkt_addstring(cfg.remote_cmd_ptr);
-    } else {
-       ssh2_pkt_addstring("shell");
-       ssh2_pkt_addbool(1);           /* want reply */
-    }
-    ssh2_pkt_send();
-    do {
-       crWaitUntilV(ispkt);
-       if (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST) {
-           unsigned i = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
-           struct ssh_channel *c;
-           c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
-           if (!c)
-               continue;              /* nonexistent channel */
-           c->v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+    while (1) {
+       int subsys;
+       char *cmd;
+
+       if (ssh_fallback_cmd) {
+           subsys = cfg.ssh_subsys2;
+           cmd = cfg.remote_cmd_ptr2;
+       } else {
+           subsys = cfg.ssh_subsys;
+           cmd = cfg.remote_cmd_ptr;
+       }
+
+       ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST);
+       ssh2_pkt_adduint32(mainchan->remoteid); /* recipient channel */
+       if (subsys) {
+           ssh2_pkt_addstring("subsystem");
+           ssh2_pkt_addbool(1);               /* want reply */
+           ssh2_pkt_addstring(cmd);
+       } else if (*cmd) {
+           ssh2_pkt_addstring("exec");
+           ssh2_pkt_addbool(1);               /* want reply */
+           ssh2_pkt_addstring(cmd);
+       } else {
+           ssh2_pkt_addstring("shell");
+           ssh2_pkt_addbool(1);               /* want reply */
        }
-    } while (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
-    if (pktin.type != SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS) {
-       if (pktin.type != SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE) {
-           bombout(("Server got confused by shell/command request"));
+       ssh2_pkt_send();
+       do {
+           crWaitUntilV(ispkt);
+           if (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST) {
+               unsigned i = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               struct ssh_channel *c;
+               c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
+               if (!c)
+                   continue;          /* nonexistent channel */
+               c->v.v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+           }
+       } while (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
+       if (pktin.type != SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS) {
+           if (pktin.type != SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE) {
+               bombout(("Server got confused by shell/command request"));
+               crReturnV;
+           }
+           /*
+            * We failed to start the command. If this is the
+            * fallback command, we really are finished; if it's
+            * not, and if the fallback command exists, try falling
+            * back to it before complaining.
+            */
+           if (!ssh_fallback_cmd && cfg.remote_cmd_ptr2 != NULL) {
+               logevent("Primary command failed; attempting fallback");
+               ssh_fallback_cmd = TRUE;
+               continue;
+           }
+           bombout(("Server refused to start a shell/command"));
            crReturnV;
+       } else {
+           logevent("Started a shell/command");
        }
-       bombout(("Server refused to start a shell/command"));
-       crReturnV;
-    } else {
-       logevent("Started a shell/command");
+       break;
     }
 
     ssh_state = SSH_STATE_SESSION;
@@ -4352,17 +4609,20 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                    continue;          /* extended but not stderr */
                ssh2_pkt_getstring(&data, &length);
                if (data) {
+                   int bufsize;
+                   c->v.v2.locwindow -= length;
                    switch (c->type) {
                      case CHAN_MAINSESSION:
-                       from_backend(pktin.type ==
-                                    SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA, data,
-                                    length);
+                       bufsize =
+                           from_backend(pktin.type ==
+                                        SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA,
+                                        data, length);
                        break;
                      case CHAN_X11:
-                       x11_send(c->u.x11.s, data, length);
+                       bufsize = x11_send(c->u.x11.s, data, length);
                        break;
                      case CHAN_SOCKDATA:
-                       pfd_send(c->u.pfd.s, data, length);
+                       bufsize = pfd_send(c->u.pfd.s, data, length);
                        break;
                      case CHAN_AGENT:
                        while (length > 0) {
@@ -4412,17 +4672,15 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                                c->u.a.lensofar = 0;
                            }
                        }
+                       bufsize = 0;
                        break;
                    }
                    /*
-                    * Enlarge the window again at the remote
-                    * side, just in case it ever runs down and
-                    * they fail to send us any more data.
+                    * If we are not buffering too much data,
+                    * enlarge the window again at the remote side.
                     */
-                   ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST);
-                   ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->remoteid);
-                   ssh2_pkt_adduint32(length);
-                   ssh2_pkt_send();
+                   if (bufsize < OUR_V2_WINSIZE)
+                       ssh2_set_window(c, OUR_V2_WINSIZE - bufsize);
                }
            } else if (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_DISCONNECT) {
                ssh_state = SSH_STATE_CLOSED;
@@ -4475,7 +4733,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                    break;
                }
                del234(ssh_channels, c);
-               sfree(c->v2.outbuffer);
+               bufchain_clear(&c->v.v2.outbuffer);
                sfree(c);
 
                /*
@@ -4498,7 +4756,7 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                c = find234(ssh_channels, &i, ssh_channelfind);
                if (!c)
                    continue;          /* nonexistent channel */
-               c->v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               c->v.v2.remwindow += ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
                try_send = TRUE;
            } else if (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION) {
                unsigned i = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
@@ -4511,10 +4769,9 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                c->remoteid = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
                c->type = CHAN_SOCKDATA;
                c->closes = 0;
-               c->v2.remwindow = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
-               c->v2.remmaxpkt = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
-               c->v2.outbuffer = NULL;
-               c->v2.outbuflen = c->v2.outbufsize = 0;
+               c->v.v2.remwindow = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               c->v.v2.remmaxpkt = ssh2_pkt_getuint32();
+               bufchain_init(&c->v.v2.outbuffer);
                pfd_confirm(c->u.pfd.s);
            } else if (pktin.type == SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN) {
                char *type;
@@ -4588,15 +4845,15 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
                } else {
                    c->localid = alloc_channel_id();
                    c->closes = 0;
-                   c->v2.remwindow = winsize;
-                   c->v2.remmaxpkt = pktsize;
-                   c->v2.outbuffer = NULL;
-                   c->v2.outbuflen = c->v2.outbufsize = 0;
+                   c->v.v2.locwindow = OUR_V2_WINSIZE;
+                   c->v.v2.remwindow = winsize;
+                   c->v.v2.remmaxpkt = pktsize;
+                   bufchain_init(&c->v.v2.outbuffer);
                    add234(ssh_channels, c);
                    ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION);
                    ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->remoteid);
                    ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->localid);
-                   ssh2_pkt_adduint32(0x8000UL);       /* our window size */
+                   ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->v.v2.locwindow);
                    ssh2_pkt_adduint32(0x4000UL);       /* our max pkt size */
                    ssh2_pkt_send();
                }
@@ -4617,8 +4874,27 @@ static void do_ssh2_authconn(unsigned char *in, int inlen, int ispkt)
            /*
             * Try to send data on all channels if we can.
             */
-           for (i = 0; NULL != (c = index234(ssh_channels, i)); i++)
-               ssh2_try_send(c);
+           for (i = 0; NULL != (c = index234(ssh_channels, i)); i++) {
+               int bufsize = ssh2_try_send(c);
+               if (bufsize == 0) {
+                   switch (c->type) {
+                     case CHAN_MAINSESSION:
+                       /* stdin need not receive an unthrottle
+                        * notification since it will be polled */
+                       break;
+                     case CHAN_X11:
+                       x11_unthrottle(c->u.x11.s);
+                       break;
+                     case CHAN_AGENT:
+                       /* agent sockets are request/response and need no
+                        * buffer management */
+                       break;
+                     case CHAN_SOCKDATA:
+                       pfd_unthrottle(c->u.pfd.s);
+                       break;
+                   }
+               }
+           }
        }
     }
 
@@ -4652,6 +4928,9 @@ static char *ssh_init(char *host, int port, char **realhost)
     ssh_send_ok = 0;
     ssh_editing = 0;
     ssh_echoing = 0;
+    ssh1_throttle_count = 0;
+    ssh_overall_bufsize = 0;
+    ssh_fallback_cmd = 0;
 
     p = connect_to_host(host, port, realhost);
     if (p != NULL)
@@ -4663,12 +4942,44 @@ static char *ssh_init(char *host, int port, char **realhost)
 /*
  * Called to send data down the Telnet connection.
  */
-static void ssh_send(char *buf, int len)
+static int ssh_send(char *buf, int len)
 {
     if (s == NULL || ssh_protocol == NULL)
-       return;
+       return 0;
 
     ssh_protocol(buf, len, 0);
+
+    return ssh_sendbuffer();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called to query the current amount of buffered stdin data.
+ */
+static int ssh_sendbuffer(void)
+{
+    int override_value;
+
+    if (s == NULL || ssh_protocol == NULL)
+       return 0;
+
+    /*
+     * If the SSH socket itself has backed up, add the total backup
+     * size on that to any individual buffer on the stdin channel.
+     */
+    override_value = 0;
+    if (ssh_throttled_all)
+       override_value = ssh_overall_bufsize;
+
+    if (ssh_version == 1) {
+       return override_value;
+    } else if (ssh_version == 2) {
+       if (!mainchan || mainchan->closes > 0)
+           return override_value;
+       else
+           return override_value + bufchain_size(&mainchan->v.v2.outbuffer);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4762,6 +5073,23 @@ void *new_sock_channel(Socket s)
     return c;
 }
 
+/*
+ * This is called when stdout/stderr (the entity to which
+ * from_backend sends data) manages to clear some backlog.
+ */
+void ssh_unthrottle(int bufsize)
+{
+    if (ssh_version == 1) {
+       if (bufsize < SSH1_BUFFER_LIMIT) {
+           ssh1_stdout_throttling = 0;
+           ssh1_throttle(-1);
+       }
+    } else {
+       if (mainchan && mainchan->closes == 0)
+           ssh2_set_window(mainchan, OUR_V2_WINSIZE - bufsize);
+    }
+}
+
 void ssh_send_port_open(void *channel, char *hostname, int port, char *org)
 {
     struct ssh_channel *c = (struct ssh_channel *)channel;
@@ -4781,7 +5109,8 @@ void ssh_send_port_open(void *channel, char *hostname, int port, char *org)
        ssh2_pkt_init(SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN);
        ssh2_pkt_addstring("direct-tcpip");
        ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->localid);
-       ssh2_pkt_adduint32(0x8000UL);      /* our window size */
+       c->v.v2.locwindow = OUR_V2_WINSIZE;
+       ssh2_pkt_adduint32(c->v.v2.locwindow);/* our window size */
        ssh2_pkt_adduint32(0x4000UL);      /* our max pkt size */
        ssh2_pkt_addstring(hostname);
        ssh2_pkt_adduint32(port);
@@ -4820,10 +5149,12 @@ static int ssh_ldisc(int option)
 Backend ssh_backend = {
     ssh_init,
     ssh_send,
+    ssh_sendbuffer,
     ssh_size,
     ssh_special,
     ssh_socket,
     ssh_sendok,
     ssh_ldisc,
+    ssh_unthrottle,
     22
 };