Fix a pty-freeing error which caused a segfault if you attempted to
[u/mdw/putty] / unix / uxpty.c
index 19ec8d7..5ebd050 100644 (file)
@@ -1,18 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * Pseudo-tty backend for pterm.
- * 
- * Unlike the other backends, data for this one is not neatly
- * encapsulated into a data structure, because it wouldn't make
- * sense to do so - the utmp stuff has to be done before a backend
- * is initialised, and starting a second pterm from the same
- * process would therefore be infeasible because privileges would
- * already have been dropped. Hence, I haven't bothered to keep the
- * data dynamically allocated: instead, the backend handle is just
- * a null pointer and ignored everywhere.
  */
 
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -20,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <termios.h>
 #include <grp.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
 #include "putty.h"
+#include "tree234.h"
+
+#ifndef OMIT_UTMP
+#include <utmpx.h>
+#endif
 
 #ifndef FALSE
 #define FALSE 0
 #define TRUE 1
 #endif
 
-#ifndef UTMP_FILE
-#define UTMP_FILE "/var/run/utmp"
+/* updwtmpx() needs the name of the wtmp file.  Try to find it. */
+#ifndef WTMPX_FILE
+#ifdef _PATH_WTMPX
+#define WTMPX_FILE _PATH_WTMPX
+#else
+#define WTMPX_FILE "/var/log/wtmpx"
 #endif
-#ifndef WTMP_FILE
-#define WTMP_FILE "/var/log/wtmp"
 #endif
+
 #ifndef LASTLOG_FILE
 #ifdef _PATH_LASTLOG
 #define LASTLOG_FILE _PATH_LASTLOG
 #endif
 #endif
 
-static Config pty_cfg;
-static int pty_master_fd;
-static void *pty_frontend;
-static char pty_name[FILENAME_MAX];
-static int pty_signal_pipe[2];
-static int pty_child_pid;
-static int pty_term_width, pty_term_height;
-static int pty_child_dead, pty_finished;
-static int pty_exit_code;
-char **pty_argv;
-int use_pty_argv = TRUE;
+typedef struct pty_tag *Pty;
+
+/*
+ * The pty_signal_pipe, along with the SIGCHLD handler, must be
+ * process-global rather than session-specific.
+ */
+static int pty_signal_pipe[2] = { -1, -1 };   /* obviously bogus initial val */
+
+struct pty_tag {
+    Conf *conf;
+    int master_fd, slave_fd;
+    void *frontend;
+    char name[FILENAME_MAX];
+    pid_t child_pid;
+    int term_width, term_height;
+    int child_dead, finished;
+    int exit_code;
+    bufchain output_data;
+};
+
+/*
+ * We store our pty backends in a tree sorted by master fd, so that
+ * when we get an uxsel notification we know which backend instance
+ * is the owner of the pty that caused it.
+ */
+static int pty_compare_by_fd(void *av, void *bv)
+{
+    Pty a = (Pty)av;
+    Pty b = (Pty)bv;
+
+    if (a->master_fd < b->master_fd)
+       return -1;
+    else if (a->master_fd > b->master_fd)
+       return +1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int pty_find_by_fd(void *av, void *bv)
+{
+    int a = *(int *)av;
+    Pty b = (Pty)bv;
+
+    if (a < b->master_fd)
+       return -1;
+    else if (a > b->master_fd)
+       return +1;
+    return 0;
+}
 
-static void pty_close(void);
+static tree234 *ptys_by_fd = NULL;
+
+/*
+ * We also have a tree sorted by child pid, so that when we wait()
+ * in response to the signal we know which backend instance is the
+ * owner of the process that caused the signal.
+ */
+static int pty_compare_by_pid(void *av, void *bv)
+{
+    Pty a = (Pty)av;
+    Pty b = (Pty)bv;
+
+    if (a->child_pid < b->child_pid)
+       return -1;
+    else if (a->child_pid > b->child_pid)
+       return +1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int pty_find_by_pid(void *av, void *bv)
+{
+    pid_t a = *(pid_t *)av;
+    Pty b = (Pty)bv;
+
+    if (a < b->child_pid)
+       return -1;
+    else if (a > b->child_pid)
+       return +1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static tree234 *ptys_by_pid = NULL;
+
+/*
+ * If we are using pty_pre_init(), it will need to have already
+ * allocated a pty structure, which we must then return from
+ * pty_init() rather than allocating a new one. Here we store that
+ * structure between allocation and use.
+ * 
+ * Note that although most of this module is entirely capable of
+ * handling multiple ptys in a single process, pty_pre_init() is
+ * fundamentally _dependent_ on there being at most one pty per
+ * process, so the normal static-data constraints don't apply.
+ * 
+ * Likewise, since utmp is only used via pty_pre_init, it too must
+ * be single-instance, so we can declare utmp-related variables
+ * here.
+ */
+static Pty single_pty = NULL;
 
 #ifndef OMIT_UTMP
-static int pty_utmp_helper_pid, pty_utmp_helper_pipe;
-static int pty_stamped_utmp = 0;
-static struct utmp utmp_entry;
+static pid_t pty_utmp_helper_pid = -1;
+static int pty_utmp_helper_pipe = -1;
+static int pty_stamped_utmp;
+static struct utmpx utmp_entry;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * pty_argv is a grievous hack to allow a proper argv to be passed
+ * through from the Unix command line. Again, it doesn't really
+ * make sense outside a one-pty-per-process setup.
+ */
+char **pty_argv;
 
+static void pty_close(Pty pty);
+static void pty_try_write(Pty pty);
+
+#ifndef OMIT_UTMP
 static void setup_utmp(char *ttyname, char *location)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_LASTLOG
@@ -95,8 +191,7 @@ static void setup_utmp(char *ttyname, char *location)
     FILE *lastlog;
 #endif
     struct passwd *pw;
-    FILE *wtmp;
-    time_t uttime;
+    struct timeval tv;
 
     pw = getpwuid(getuid());
     memset(&utmp_entry, 0, sizeof(utmp_entry));
@@ -106,22 +201,20 @@ static void setup_utmp(char *ttyname, char *location)
     strncpy(utmp_entry.ut_id, ttyname+8, lenof(utmp_entry.ut_id));
     strncpy(utmp_entry.ut_user, pw->pw_name, lenof(utmp_entry.ut_user));
     strncpy(utmp_entry.ut_host, location, lenof(utmp_entry.ut_host));
-    /* Apparently there are some architectures where (struct utmp).ut_time
-     * is not essentially time_t (e.g. Linux amd64). Hence the temporary. */
-    time(&uttime);
-    utmp_entry.ut_time = uttime; /* may truncate */
+    /*
+     * Apparently there are some architectures where (struct
+     * utmpx).ut_tv is not essentially struct timeval (e.g. Linux
+     * amd64). Hence the temporary.
+     */
+    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+    utmp_entry.ut_tv.tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
+    utmp_entry.ut_tv.tv_usec = tv.tv_usec;
 
-#if defined HAVE_PUTUTLINE
-    utmpname(UTMP_FILE);
-    setutent();
-    pututline(&utmp_entry);
-    endutent();
-#endif
+    setutxent();
+    pututxline(&utmp_entry);
+    endutxent();
 
-    if ((wtmp = fopen(WTMP_FILE, "a")) != NULL) {
-       fwrite(&utmp_entry, 1, sizeof(utmp_entry), wtmp);
-       fclose(wtmp);
-    }
+    updwtmpx(WTMPX_FILE, &utmp_entry);
 
 #ifdef HAVE_LASTLOG
     memset(&lastlog_entry, 0, sizeof(lastlog_entry));
@@ -141,31 +234,26 @@ static void setup_utmp(char *ttyname, char *location)
 
 static void cleanup_utmp(void)
 {
-    FILE *wtmp;
-    time_t uttime;
+    struct timeval tv;
 
     if (!pty_stamped_utmp)
        return;
 
     utmp_entry.ut_type = DEAD_PROCESS;
     memset(utmp_entry.ut_user, 0, lenof(utmp_entry.ut_user));
-    time(&uttime);
-    utmp_entry.ut_time = uttime;
+    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+    utmp_entry.ut_tv.tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
+    utmp_entry.ut_tv.tv_usec = tv.tv_usec;
 
-    if ((wtmp = fopen(WTMP_FILE, "a")) != NULL) {
-       fwrite(&utmp_entry, 1, sizeof(utmp_entry), wtmp);
-       fclose(wtmp);
-    }
+    updwtmpx(WTMPX_FILE, &utmp_entry);
 
     memset(utmp_entry.ut_line, 0, lenof(utmp_entry.ut_line));
-    utmp_entry.ut_time = 0;
+    utmp_entry.ut_tv.tv_sec = 0;
+    utmp_entry.ut_tv.tv_usec = 0;
 
-#if defined HAVE_PUTUTLINE
-    utmpname(UTMP_FILE);
-    setutent();
-    pututline(&utmp_entry);
-    endutent();
-#endif
+    setutxent();
+    pututxline(&utmp_entry);
+    endutxent();
 
     pty_stamped_utmp = 0;             /* ensure we never double-cleanup */
 }
@@ -173,7 +261,8 @@ static void cleanup_utmp(void)
 
 static void sigchld_handler(int signum)
 {
-    write(pty_signal_pipe[1], "x", 1);
+    if (write(pty_signal_pipe[1], "x", 1) <= 0)
+       /* not much we can do about it */;
 }
 
 #ifndef OMIT_UTMP
@@ -181,12 +270,21 @@ static void fatal_sig_handler(int signum)
 {
     putty_signal(signum, SIG_DFL);
     cleanup_utmp();
-    setuid(getuid());
     raise(signum);
 }
 #endif
 
-static void pty_open_master(void)
+static int pty_open_slave(Pty pty)
+{
+    if (pty->slave_fd < 0) {
+       pty->slave_fd = open(pty->name, O_RDWR);
+        cloexec(pty->slave_fd);
+    }
+
+    return pty->slave_fd;
+}
+
+static void pty_open_master(Pty pty)
 {
 #ifdef BSD_PTYS
     const char chars1[] = "pqrstuvwxyz";
@@ -198,12 +296,30 @@ static void pty_open_master(void)
     for (p1 = chars1; *p1; p1++)
        for (p2 = chars2; *p2; p2++) {
            sprintf(master_name, "/dev/pty%c%c", *p1, *p2);
-           pty_master_fd = open(master_name, O_RDWR);
-           if (pty_master_fd >= 0) {
+           pty->master_fd = open(master_name, O_RDWR);
+           if (pty->master_fd >= 0) {
                if (geteuid() == 0 ||
-                   access(master_name, R_OK | W_OK) == 0)
-                   goto got_one;
-               close(pty_master_fd);
+                   access(master_name, R_OK | W_OK) == 0) {
+                   /*
+                    * We must also check at this point that we are
+                    * able to open the slave side of the pty. We
+                    * wouldn't want to allocate the wrong master,
+                    * get all the way down to forking, and _then_
+                    * find we're unable to open the slave.
+                    */
+                   strcpy(pty->name, master_name);
+                   pty->name[5] = 't'; /* /dev/ptyXX -> /dev/ttyXX */
+
+                    cloexec(pty->master_fd);
+
+                   if (pty_open_slave(pty) >= 0 &&
+                       access(pty->name, R_OK | W_OK) == 0)
+                       goto got_one;
+                   if (pty->slave_fd > 0)
+                       close(pty->slave_fd);
+                   pty->slave_fd = -1;
+               }
+               close(pty->master_fd);
            }
        }
 
@@ -212,34 +328,64 @@ static void pty_open_master(void)
     exit(1);
 
     got_one:
-    strcpy(pty_name, master_name);
-    pty_name[5] = 't';                /* /dev/ptyXX -> /dev/ttyXX */
 
     /* We need to chown/chmod the /dev/ttyXX device. */
     gp = getgrnam("tty");
-    chown(pty_name, getuid(), gp ? gp->gr_gid : -1);
-    chmod(pty_name, 0600);
+    chown(pty->name, getuid(), gp ? gp->gr_gid : -1);
+    chmod(pty->name, 0600);
+#else
+
+    const int flags = O_RDWR
+#ifdef O_NOCTTY
+        | O_NOCTTY
+#endif
+        ;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_OPENPT
+    pty->master_fd = posix_openpt(flags);
+
+    if (pty->master_fd < 0) {
+       perror("posix_openpt");
+       exit(1);
+    }
 #else
-    pty_master_fd = open("/dev/ptmx", O_RDWR);
+    pty->master_fd = open("/dev/ptmx", flags);
 
-    if (pty_master_fd < 0) {
+    if (pty->master_fd < 0) {
        perror("/dev/ptmx: open");
        exit(1);
     }
+#endif
 
-    if (grantpt(pty_master_fd) < 0) {
+    if (grantpt(pty->master_fd) < 0) {
        perror("grantpt");
        exit(1);
     }
     
-    if (unlockpt(pty_master_fd) < 0) {
+    if (unlockpt(pty->master_fd) < 0) {
        perror("unlockpt");
        exit(1);
     }
 
-    pty_name[FILENAME_MAX-1] = '\0';
-    strncpy(pty_name, ptsname(pty_master_fd), FILENAME_MAX-1);
+    cloexec(pty->master_fd);
+
+    pty->name[FILENAME_MAX-1] = '\0';
+    strncpy(pty->name, ptsname(pty->master_fd), FILENAME_MAX-1);
 #endif
+
+    {
+        /*
+         * Set the pty master into non-blocking mode.
+         */
+        int fl;
+       fl = fcntl(pty->master_fd, F_GETFL);
+       if (fl != -1 && !(fl & O_NONBLOCK))
+           fcntl(pty->master_fd, F_SETFL, fl | O_NONBLOCK);
+    }
+
+    if (!ptys_by_fd)
+       ptys_by_fd = newtree234(pty_compare_by_fd);
+    add234(ptys_by_fd, pty);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -257,116 +403,127 @@ static void pty_open_master(void)
  */
 void pty_pre_init(void)
 {
+    Pty pty;
+
 #ifndef OMIT_UTMP
     pid_t pid;
     int pipefd[2];
 #endif
 
+    pty = single_pty = snew(struct pty_tag);
+    pty->conf = NULL;
+    bufchain_init(&pty->output_data);
+
     /* set the child signal handler straight away; it needs to be set
      * before we ever fork. */
     putty_signal(SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler);
-    pty_master_fd = -1;
+    pty->master_fd = pty->slave_fd = -1;
+#ifndef OMIT_UTMP
+    pty_stamped_utmp = FALSE;
+#endif
 
     if (geteuid() != getuid() || getegid() != getgid()) {
-       pty_open_master();
-    }
+       pty_open_master(pty);
 
 #ifndef OMIT_UTMP
-    /*
-     * Fork off the utmp helper.
-     */
-    if (pipe(pipefd) < 0) {
-       perror("pterm: pipe");
-       exit(1);
-    }
-    pid = fork();
-    if (pid < 0) {
-       perror("pterm: fork");
-       exit(1);
-    } else if (pid == 0) {
-       char display[128], buffer[128];
-       int dlen, ret;
-
-       close(pipefd[1]);
-       /*
-        * Now sit here until we receive a display name from the
-        * other end of the pipe, and then stamp utmp. Unstamp utmp
-        * again, and exit, when the pipe closes.
-        */
-
-       dlen = 0;
-       while (1) {
+        /*
+         * Fork off the utmp helper.
+         */
+        if (pipe(pipefd) < 0) {
+            perror("pterm: pipe");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        cloexec(pipefd[0]);
+        cloexec(pipefd[1]);
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0) {
+            perror("pterm: fork");
+            exit(1);
+        } else if (pid == 0) {
+            char display[128], buffer[128];
+            int dlen, ret;
+
+            close(pipefd[1]);
+            /*
+             * Now sit here until we receive a display name from the
+             * other end of the pipe, and then stamp utmp. Unstamp utmp
+             * again, and exit, when the pipe closes.
+             */
+
+            dlen = 0;
+            while (1) {
            
-           ret = read(pipefd[0], buffer, lenof(buffer));
-           if (ret <= 0) {
-               cleanup_utmp();
-               _exit(0);
-           } else if (!pty_stamped_utmp) {
-               if (dlen < lenof(display))
-                   memcpy(display+dlen, buffer,
-                          min(ret, lenof(display)-dlen));
-               if (buffer[ret-1] == '\0') {
-                   /*
-                    * Now we have a display name. NUL-terminate
-                    * it, and stamp utmp.
-                    */
-                   display[lenof(display)-1] = '\0';
-                   /*
-                    * Trap as many fatal signals as we can in the
-                    * hope of having the best possible chance to
-                    * clean up utmp before termination. We are
-                    * unfortunately unprotected against SIGKILL,
-                    * but that's life.
-                    */
-                   putty_signal(SIGHUP, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGINT, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGQUIT, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGILL, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGABRT, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGFPE, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGPIPE, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGALRM, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGTERM, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGSEGV, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGUSR1, fatal_sig_handler);
-                   putty_signal(SIGUSR2, fatal_sig_handler);
+                ret = read(pipefd[0], buffer, lenof(buffer));
+                if (ret <= 0) {
+                    cleanup_utmp();
+                    _exit(0);
+                } else if (!pty_stamped_utmp) {
+                    if (dlen < lenof(display))
+                        memcpy(display+dlen, buffer,
+                               min(ret, lenof(display)-dlen));
+                    if (buffer[ret-1] == '\0') {
+                        /*
+                         * Now we have a display name. NUL-terminate
+                         * it, and stamp utmp.
+                         */
+                        display[lenof(display)-1] = '\0';
+                        /*
+                         * Trap as many fatal signals as we can in the
+                         * hope of having the best possible chance to
+                         * clean up utmp before termination. We are
+                         * unfortunately unprotected against SIGKILL,
+                         * but that's life.
+                         */
+                        putty_signal(SIGHUP, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGINT, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGQUIT, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGILL, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGABRT, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGFPE, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGPIPE, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGALRM, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGTERM, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGSEGV, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGUSR1, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGUSR2, fatal_sig_handler);
 #ifdef SIGBUS
-                   putty_signal(SIGBUS, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGBUS, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGPOLL
-                   putty_signal(SIGPOLL, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGPOLL, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGPROF
-                   putty_signal(SIGPROF, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGPROF, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGSYS
-                   putty_signal(SIGSYS, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGSYS, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGTRAP
-                   putty_signal(SIGTRAP, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGTRAP, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGVTALRM
-                   putty_signal(SIGVTALRM, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGVTALRM, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGXCPU
-                   putty_signal(SIGXCPU, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGXCPU, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGXFSZ
-                   putty_signal(SIGXFSZ, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGXFSZ, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGIO
-                   putty_signal(SIGIO, fatal_sig_handler);
+                        putty_signal(SIGIO, fatal_sig_handler);
 #endif
-                   setup_utmp(pty_name, display);
-               }
-           }
-       }
-    } else {
-       close(pipefd[0]);
-       pty_utmp_helper_pid = pid;
-       pty_utmp_helper_pipe = pipefd[1];
-    }
+                        setup_utmp(pty->name, display);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            close(pipefd[0]);
+            pty_utmp_helper_pid = pid;
+            pty_utmp_helper_pipe = pipefd[1];
+        }
 #endif
+    }
 
     /* Drop privs. */
     {
@@ -374,82 +531,98 @@ void pty_pre_init(void)
        int gid = getgid(), uid = getuid();
        int setresgid(gid_t, gid_t, gid_t);
        int setresuid(uid_t, uid_t, uid_t);
-       setresgid(gid, gid, gid);
-       setresuid(uid, uid, uid);
+       if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0) {
+            perror("setresgid");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+       if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0) {
+            perror("setresuid");
+            exit(1);
+        }
 #else
-       setgid(getgid());
-       setuid(getuid());
+       if (setgid(getgid()) < 0) {
+            perror("setgid");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+       if (setuid(getuid()) < 0) {
+            perror("setuid");
+            exit(1);
+        }
 #endif
     }
 }
 
-int pty_select_result(int fd, int event)
+int pty_real_select_result(Pty pty, int event, int status)
 {
     char buf[4096];
     int ret;
     int finished = FALSE;
 
-    if (fd == pty_master_fd && event == 1) {
-
-       ret = read(pty_master_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
-
+    if (event < 0) {
        /*
-        * Clean termination condition is that either ret == 0, or ret
-        * < 0 and errno == EIO. Not sure why the latter, but it seems
-        * to happen. Boo.
+        * We've been called because our child process did
+        * something. `status' tells us what.
         */
-       if (ret == 0 || (ret < 0 && errno == EIO)) {
+       if ((WIFEXITED(status) || WIFSIGNALED(status))) {
            /*
-            * We assume a clean exit if the pty has closed but the
-            * actual child process hasn't. The only way I can
-            * imagine this happening is if it detaches itself from
-            * the pty and goes daemonic - in which case the
-            * expected usage model would precisely _not_ be for
-            * the pterm window to hang around!
+            * The primary child process died. We could keep
+            * the terminal open for remaining subprocesses to
+            * output to, but conventional wisdom seems to feel
+            * that that's the Wrong Thing for an xterm-alike,
+            * so we bail out now (though we don't necessarily
+            * _close_ the window, depending on the state of
+            * Close On Exit). This would be easy enough to
+            * change or make configurable if necessary.
             */
+           pty->exit_code = status;
+           pty->child_dead = TRUE;
+           del234(ptys_by_pid, pty);
            finished = TRUE;
-           if (!pty_child_dead)
-               pty_exit_code = 0;
-       } else if (ret < 0) {
-           perror("read pty master");
-           exit(1);
-       } else if (ret > 0) {
-           from_backend(pty_frontend, 0, buf, ret);
        }
-    } else if (fd == pty_signal_pipe[0]) {
-       pid_t pid;
-       int status;
-       char c[1];
+    } else {
+       if (event == 1) {
 
-       read(pty_signal_pipe[0], c, 1); /* ignore its value; it'll be `x' */
+           ret = read(pty->master_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
 
-       do {
-           pid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG);
-           if (pid == pty_child_pid &&
-               (WIFEXITED(status) || WIFSIGNALED(status))) {
+           /*
+            * Clean termination condition is that either ret == 0, or ret
+            * < 0 and errno == EIO. Not sure why the latter, but it seems
+            * to happen. Boo.
+            */
+           if (ret == 0 || (ret < 0 && errno == EIO)) {
                /*
-                * The primary child process died. We could keep
-                * the terminal open for remaining subprocesses to
-                * output to, but conventional wisdom seems to feel
-                * that that's the Wrong Thing for an xterm-alike,
-                * so we bail out now (though we don't necessarily
-                * _close_ the window, depending on the state of
-                * Close On Exit). This would be easy enough to
-                * change or make configurable if necessary.
+                * We assume a clean exit if the pty has closed but the
+                * actual child process hasn't. The only way I can
+                * imagine this happening is if it detaches itself from
+                * the pty and goes daemonic - in which case the
+                * expected usage model would precisely _not_ be for
+                * the pterm window to hang around!
                 */
-               pty_exit_code = status;
-               pty_child_dead = TRUE;
                finished = TRUE;
+               if (!pty->child_dead)
+                   pty->exit_code = 0;
+           } else if (ret < 0) {
+               perror("read pty master");
+               exit(1);
+           } else if (ret > 0) {
+               from_backend(pty->frontend, 0, buf, ret);
            }
-       } while(pid > 0);
+       } else if (event == 2) {
+            /*
+             * Attempt to send data down the pty.
+             */
+            pty_try_write(pty);
+        }
     }
 
-    if (finished && !pty_finished) {
-       uxsel_del(pty_master_fd);
-       pty_close();
-       pty_master_fd = -1;
+    if (finished && !pty->finished) {
+       int close_on_exit;
 
-       pty_finished = TRUE;
+       uxsel_del(pty->master_fd);
+       pty_close(pty);
+       pty->master_fd = -1;
+
+       pty->finished = TRUE;
 
        /*
         * This is a slight layering-violation sort of hack: only
@@ -457,32 +630,78 @@ int pty_select_result(int fd, int event)
         * Only On Clean and it wasn't a clean exit) do we output a
         * `terminated' message.
         */
-       if (pty_cfg.close_on_exit == FORCE_OFF ||
-           (pty_cfg.close_on_exit == AUTO && pty_exit_code != 0)) {
+       close_on_exit = conf_get_int(pty->conf, CONF_close_on_exit);
+       if (close_on_exit == FORCE_OFF ||
+           (close_on_exit == AUTO && pty->exit_code != 0)) {
            char message[512];
-           if (WIFEXITED(pty_exit_code))
+            message[0] = '\0';
+           if (WIFEXITED(pty->exit_code))
                sprintf(message, "\r\n[pterm: process terminated with exit"
-                       " code %d]\r\n", WEXITSTATUS(pty_exit_code));
-           else if (WIFSIGNALED(pty_exit_code))
+                       " code %d]\r\n", WEXITSTATUS(pty->exit_code));
+           else if (WIFSIGNALED(pty->exit_code))
 #ifdef HAVE_NO_STRSIGNAL
                sprintf(message, "\r\n[pterm: process terminated on signal"
-                       " %d]\r\n", WTERMSIG(pty_exit_code));
+                       " %d]\r\n", WTERMSIG(pty->exit_code));
 #else
                sprintf(message, "\r\n[pterm: process terminated on signal"
-                       " %d (%.400s)]\r\n", WTERMSIG(pty_exit_code),
-                       strsignal(WTERMSIG(pty_exit_code)));
+                       " %d (%.400s)]\r\n", WTERMSIG(pty->exit_code),
+                       strsignal(WTERMSIG(pty->exit_code)));
 #endif
-           from_backend(pty_frontend, 0, message, strlen(message));
+           from_backend(pty->frontend, 0, message, strlen(message));
        }
 
-       notify_remote_exit(pty_frontend);
+       notify_remote_exit(pty->frontend);
     }
+
     return !finished;
 }
 
-static void pty_uxsel_setup(void)
+int pty_select_result(int fd, int event)
 {
-    uxsel_set(pty_master_fd, 1, pty_select_result);
+    int ret = TRUE;
+    Pty pty;
+
+    if (fd == pty_signal_pipe[0]) {
+       pid_t pid;
+       int status;
+       char c[1];
+
+       if (read(pty_signal_pipe[0], c, 1) <= 0)
+           /* ignore error */;
+       /* ignore its value; it'll be `x' */
+
+       do {
+           pid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG);
+
+           pty = find234(ptys_by_pid, &pid, pty_find_by_pid);
+
+           if (pty)
+               ret = ret && pty_real_select_result(pty, -1, status);
+       } while (pid > 0);
+    } else {
+       pty = find234(ptys_by_fd, &fd, pty_find_by_fd);
+
+       if (pty)
+           ret = ret && pty_real_select_result(pty, event, 0);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void pty_uxsel_setup(Pty pty)
+{
+    int rwx;
+
+    rwx = 1;                           /* always want to read from pty */
+    if (bufchain_size(&pty->output_data))
+        rwx |= 2;                      /* might also want to write to it */
+    uxsel_set(pty->master_fd, rwx, pty_select_result);
+
+    /*
+     * In principle this only needs calling once for all pty
+     * backend instances, but it's simplest just to call it every
+     * time; uxsel won't mind.
+     */
     uxsel_set(pty_signal_pipe[0], 1, pty_select_result);
 }
 
@@ -494,23 +713,37 @@ static void pty_uxsel_setup(void)
  * Also places the canonical host name into `realhost'. It must be
  * freed by the caller.
  */
-static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Config *cfg,
+static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Conf *conf,
                            char *host, int port, char **realhost, int nodelay,
                            int keepalive)
 {
     int slavefd;
     pid_t pid, pgrp;
+#ifndef NOT_X_WINDOWS                 /* for Mac OS X native compilation */
     long windowid;
+#endif
+    Pty pty;
+
+    if (single_pty) {
+       pty = single_pty;
+        assert(pty->conf == NULL);
+    } else {
+       pty = snew(struct pty_tag);
+       pty->master_fd = pty->slave_fd = -1;
+#ifndef OMIT_UTMP
+       pty_stamped_utmp = FALSE;
+#endif
+    }
 
-    pty_frontend = frontend;
+    pty->frontend = frontend;
     *backend_handle = NULL;           /* we can't sensibly use this, sadly */
 
-    pty_cfg = *cfg;                   /* structure copy */
-    pty_term_width = cfg->width;
-    pty_term_height = cfg->height;
+    pty->conf = conf_copy(conf);
+    pty->term_width = conf_get_int(conf, CONF_width);
+    pty->term_height = conf_get_int(conf, CONF_height);
 
-    if (pty_master_fd < 0)
-       pty_open_master();
+    if (pty->master_fd < 0)
+       pty_open_master(pty);
 
     /*
      * Set the backspace character to be whichever of ^H and ^? is
@@ -518,9 +751,10 @@ static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Config *cfg,
      */
     {
        struct termios attrs;
-       tcgetattr(pty_master_fd, &attrs);
-       attrs.c_cc[VERASE] = cfg->bksp_is_delete ? '\177' : '\010';
-       tcsetattr(pty_master_fd, TCSANOW, &attrs);
+       tcgetattr(pty->master_fd, &attrs);
+       attrs.c_cc[VERASE] = conf_get_int(conf, CONF_bksp_is_delete)
+           ? '\177' : '\010';
+       tcsetattr(pty->master_fd, TCSANOW, &attrs);
     }
 
 #ifndef OMIT_UTMP
@@ -528,26 +762,30 @@ static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Config *cfg,
      * Stamp utmp (that is, tell the utmp helper process to do so),
      * or not.
      */
-    if (!cfg->stamp_utmp) {
-       close(pty_utmp_helper_pipe);   /* just let the child process die */
-       pty_utmp_helper_pipe = -1;
-    } else {
-       char *location = get_x_display(pty_frontend);
-       int len = strlen(location)+1, pos = 0;   /* +1 to include NUL */
-       while (pos < len) {
-           int ret = write(pty_utmp_helper_pipe, location+pos, len - pos);
-           if (ret < 0) {
-               perror("pterm: writing to utmp helper process");
-               close(pty_utmp_helper_pipe);   /* arrgh, just give up */
-               pty_utmp_helper_pipe = -1;
-               break;
-           }
-           pos += ret;
+    if (pty_utmp_helper_pipe >= 0) {   /* if it's < 0, we can't anyway */
+        if (!conf_get_int(conf, CONF_stamp_utmp)) {
+            close(pty_utmp_helper_pipe);   /* just let the child process die */
+            pty_utmp_helper_pipe = -1;
+        } else {
+            char *location = get_x_display(pty->frontend);
+            int len = strlen(location)+1, pos = 0;   /* +1 to include NUL */
+            while (pos < len) {
+                int ret = write(pty_utmp_helper_pipe, location+pos, len - pos);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                    perror("pterm: writing to utmp helper process");
+                    close(pty_utmp_helper_pipe);   /* arrgh, just give up */
+                    pty_utmp_helper_pipe = -1;
+                    break;
+                }
+                pos += ret;
+            }
        }
     }
 #endif
 
-    windowid = get_windowid(pty_frontend);
+#ifndef NOT_X_WINDOWS                 /* for Mac OS X native compilation */
+    windowid = get_windowid(pty->frontend);
+#endif
 
     /*
      * Fork and execute the command.
@@ -559,55 +797,55 @@ static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Config *cfg,
     }
 
     if (pid == 0) {
-       int i;
        /*
         * We are the child.
         */
 
-       slavefd = open(pty_name, O_RDWR);
+       slavefd = pty_open_slave(pty);
        if (slavefd < 0) {
            perror("slave pty: open");
            _exit(1);
        }
 
-       close(pty_master_fd);
+       close(pty->master_fd);
        fcntl(slavefd, F_SETFD, 0);    /* don't close on exec */
        dup2(slavefd, 0);
        dup2(slavefd, 1);
        dup2(slavefd, 2);
+       close(slavefd);
        setsid();
-       ioctl(slavefd, TIOCSCTTY, 1);
+#ifdef TIOCSCTTY
+       ioctl(0, TIOCSCTTY, 1);
+#endif
        pgrp = getpid();
-       tcsetpgrp(slavefd, pgrp);
+       tcsetpgrp(0, pgrp);
        setpgid(pgrp, pgrp);
-       close(open(pty_name, O_WRONLY, 0));
+       close(open(pty->name, O_WRONLY, 0));
        setpgid(pgrp, pgrp);
-       /* Close everything _else_, for tidiness. */
-       for (i = 3; i < 1024; i++)
-           close(i);
        {
-           char term_env_var[10 + sizeof(cfg->termtype)];
-           sprintf(term_env_var, "TERM=%s", cfg->termtype);
+           char *term_env_var = dupprintf("TERM=%s",
+                                          conf_get_str(conf, CONF_termtype));
            putenv(term_env_var);
+           /* We mustn't free term_env_var, as putenv links it into the
+            * environment in place.
+            */
        }
+#ifndef NOT_X_WINDOWS                 /* for Mac OS X native compilation */
        {
-           char windowid_env_var[40];
-           sprintf(windowid_env_var, "WINDOWID=%ld", windowid);
+           char *windowid_env_var = dupprintf("WINDOWID=%ld", windowid);
            putenv(windowid_env_var);
+           /* We mustn't free windowid_env_var, as putenv links it into the
+            * environment in place.
+            */
        }
+#endif
        {
-           char *e = cfg->environmt;
-           char *var, *varend, *val, *varval;
-           while (*e) {
-               var = e;
-               while (*e && *e != '\t') e++;
-               varend = e;
-               if (*e == '\t') e++;
-               val = e;
-               while (*e) e++;
-               e++;
-
-               varval = dupprintf("%.*s=%s", varend-var, var, val);
+           char *key, *val;
+
+           for (val = conf_get_str_strs(conf, CONF_environmt, NULL, &key);
+                val != NULL;
+                val = conf_get_str_strs(conf, CONF_environmt, key, &key)) {
+               char *varval = dupcat(key, "=", val, NULL);
                putenv(varval);
                /*
                 * We must not free varval, since putenv links it
@@ -619,28 +857,61 @@ static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Config *cfg,
        }
 
        /*
-        * SIGINT and SIGQUIT may have been set to ignored by our
-        * parent, particularly by things like sh -c 'pterm &' and
-        * some window managers. SIGCHLD, meanwhile, was blocked
-        * during pt_main() startup. Reverse all this for our child
-        * process.
+        * SIGINT, SIGQUIT and SIGPIPE may have been set to ignored by
+        * our parent, particularly by things like sh -c 'pterm &' and
+        * some window or session managers. SIGCHLD, meanwhile, was
+        * blocked during pt_main() startup. Reverse all this for our
+        * child process.
         */
        putty_signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
        putty_signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL);
+       putty_signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_DFL);
        block_signal(SIGCHLD, 0);
-       if (pty_argv)
+       if (pty_argv) {
+            /*
+             * Exec the exact argument list we were given.
+             */
            execvp(pty_argv[0], pty_argv);
-       else {
+            /*
+             * If that fails, and if we had exactly one argument, pass
+             * that argument to $SHELL -c.
+             *
+             * This arranges that we can _either_ follow 'pterm -e'
+             * with a list of argv elements to be fed directly to
+             * exec, _or_ with a single argument containing a command
+             * to be parsed by a shell (but, in cases of doubt, the
+             * former is more reliable).
+             *
+             * A quick survey of other terminal emulators' -e options
+             * (as of Debian squeeze) suggests that:
+             *
+             *  - xterm supports both modes, more or less like this
+             *  - gnome-terminal will only accept a one-string shell command
+             *  - Eterm, kterm and rxvt will only accept a list of
+             *    argv elements (as did older versions of pterm).
+             *
+             * It therefore seems important to support both usage
+             * modes in order to be a drop-in replacement for either
+             * xterm or gnome-terminal, and hence for anyone's
+             * plausible uses of the Debian-style alias
+             * 'x-terminal-emulator'...
+             */
+            if (pty_argv[1] == NULL) {
+                char *shell = getenv("SHELL");
+                if (shell)
+                    execl(shell, shell, "-c", pty_argv[0], (void *)NULL);
+            }
+        } else {
            char *shell = getenv("SHELL");
            char *shellname;
-           if (cfg->login_shell) {
+           if (conf_get_int(conf, CONF_login_shell)) {
                char *p = strrchr(shell, '/');
                shellname = snewn(2+strlen(shell), char);
                p = p ? p+1 : shell;
                sprintf(shellname, "-%s", p);
            } else
                shellname = shell;
-           execl(getenv("SHELL"), shellname, NULL);
+           execl(getenv("SHELL"), shellname, (void *)NULL);
        }
 
        /*
@@ -649,28 +920,42 @@ static const char *pty_init(void *frontend, void **backend_handle, Config *cfg,
        perror("exec");
        _exit(127);
     } else {
-       pty_child_pid = pid;
-       pty_child_dead = FALSE;
-       pty_finished = FALSE;
-    }      
+       pty->child_pid = pid;
+       pty->child_dead = FALSE;
+       pty->finished = FALSE;
+       if (pty->slave_fd > 0)
+           close(pty->slave_fd);
+       if (!ptys_by_pid)
+           ptys_by_pid = newtree234(pty_compare_by_pid);
+       add234(ptys_by_pid, pty);
+    }
 
-    if (pipe(pty_signal_pipe) < 0) {
-       perror("pipe");
-       exit(1);
+    if (pty_signal_pipe[0] < 0) {
+       if (pipe(pty_signal_pipe) < 0) {
+           perror("pipe");
+           exit(1);
+       }
+       cloexec(pty_signal_pipe[0]);
+       cloexec(pty_signal_pipe[1]);
     }
-    pty_uxsel_setup();
+    pty_uxsel_setup(pty);
+
+    *backend_handle = pty;
+
+    *realhost = dupprintf("\0");
 
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static void pty_reconfig(void *handle, Config *cfg)
+static void pty_reconfig(void *handle, Conf *conf)
 {
+    Pty pty = (Pty)handle;
     /*
      * We don't have much need to reconfigure this backend, but
      * unfortunately we do need to pick up the setting of Close On
      * Exit so we know whether to give a `terminated' message.
      */
-    pty_cfg = *cfg;                   /* structure copy */
+    conf_copy_into(pty->conf, conf);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -678,33 +963,73 @@ static void pty_reconfig(void *handle, Config *cfg)
  */
 static void pty_free(void *handle)
 {
+    Pty pty = (Pty)handle;
+
+    /* Either of these may fail `not found'. That's fine with us. */
+    del234(ptys_by_pid, pty);
+    del234(ptys_by_fd, pty);
+
+    conf_free(pty->conf);
+    pty->conf = NULL;
+
+    if (pty == single_pty) {
+        /*
+         * Leave this structure around in case we need to Restart
+         * Session.
+         */
+    } else {
+        sfree(pty);
+    }
 }
 
-/*
- * Called to send data down the pty.
- */
-static int pty_send(void *handle, char *buf, int len)
+static void pty_try_write(Pty pty)
 {
-    if (pty_master_fd < 0)
-       return 0;                      /* ignore all writes if fd closed */
+    void *data;
+    int len, ret;
+
+    assert(pty->master_fd >= 0);
 
-    while (len > 0) {
-       int ret = write(pty_master_fd, buf, len);
+    while (bufchain_size(&pty->output_data) > 0) {
+        bufchain_prefix(&pty->output_data, &data, &len);
+       ret = write(pty->master_fd, data, len);
+
+        if (ret < 0 && (errno == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
+            /*
+             * We've sent all we can for the moment.
+             */
+            break;
+        }
        if (ret < 0) {
            perror("write pty master");
            exit(1);
        }
-       buf += ret;
-       len -= ret;
+       bufchain_consume(&pty->output_data, ret);
     }
-    return 0;
+
+    pty_uxsel_setup(pty);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called to send data down the pty.
+ */
+static int pty_send(void *handle, char *buf, int len)
+{
+    Pty pty = (Pty)handle;
+
+    if (pty->master_fd < 0)
+       return 0;                      /* ignore all writes if fd closed */
+
+    bufchain_add(&pty->output_data, buf, len);
+    pty_try_write(pty);
+
+    return bufchain_size(&pty->output_data);
 }
 
-static void pty_close(void)
+static void pty_close(Pty pty)
 {
-    if (pty_master_fd >= 0) {
-       close(pty_master_fd);
-       pty_master_fd = -1;
+    if (pty->master_fd >= 0) {
+       close(pty->master_fd);
+       pty->master_fd = -1;
     }
 #ifndef OMIT_UTMP
     if (pty_utmp_helper_pipe >= 0) {
@@ -719,6 +1044,7 @@ static void pty_close(void)
  */
 static int pty_sendbuffer(void *handle)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -727,18 +1053,19 @@ static int pty_sendbuffer(void *handle)
  */
 static void pty_size(void *handle, int width, int height)
 {
+    Pty pty = (Pty)handle;
     struct winsize size;
 
-    pty_term_width = width;
-    pty_term_height = height;
+    pty->term_width = width;
+    pty->term_height = height;
 
-    size.ws_row = (unsigned short)pty_term_height;
-    size.ws_col = (unsigned short)pty_term_width;
-    size.ws_xpixel = (unsigned short) pty_term_width *
-       font_dimension(pty_frontend, 0);
-    size.ws_ypixel = (unsigned short) pty_term_height *
-       font_dimension(pty_frontend, 1);
-    ioctl(pty_master_fd, TIOCSWINSZ, (void *)&size);
+    size.ws_row = (unsigned short)pty->term_height;
+    size.ws_col = (unsigned short)pty->term_width;
+    size.ws_xpixel = (unsigned short) pty->term_width *
+       font_dimension(pty->frontend, 0);
+    size.ws_ypixel = (unsigned short) pty->term_height *
+       font_dimension(pty->frontend, 1);
+    ioctl(pty->master_fd, TIOCSWINSZ, (void *)&size);
     return;
 }
 
@@ -747,6 +1074,7 @@ static void pty_size(void *handle, int width, int height)
  */
 static void pty_special(void *handle, Telnet_Special code)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     /* Do nothing! */
     return;
 }
@@ -757,6 +1085,7 @@ static void pty_special(void *handle, Telnet_Special code)
  */
 static const struct telnet_special *pty_get_specials(void *handle)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     /*
      * Hmm. When I get round to having this actually usable, it
      * might be quite nice to have the ability to deliver a few
@@ -766,46 +1095,54 @@ static const struct telnet_special *pty_get_specials(void *handle)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static Socket pty_socket(void *handle)
+static int pty_connected(void *handle)
 {
-    return NULL;                      /* shouldn't ever be needed */
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
 static int pty_sendok(void *handle)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     return 1;
 }
 
 static void pty_unthrottle(void *handle, int backlog)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     /* do nothing */
 }
 
 static int pty_ldisc(void *handle, int option)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     return 0;                         /* neither editing nor echoing */
 }
 
 static void pty_provide_ldisc(void *handle, void *ldisc)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     /* This is a stub. */
 }
 
 static void pty_provide_logctx(void *handle, void *logctx)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     /* This is a stub. */
 }
 
 static int pty_exitcode(void *handle)
 {
-    if (!pty_finished)
+    Pty pty = (Pty)handle;
+    if (!pty->finished)
        return -1;                     /* not dead yet */
     else
-       return pty_exit_code;
+       return pty->exit_code;
 }
 
 static int pty_cfg_info(void *handle)
 {
+    /* Pty pty = (Pty)handle; */
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -818,7 +1155,7 @@ Backend pty_backend = {
     pty_size,
     pty_special,
     pty_get_specials,
-    pty_socket,
+    pty_connected,
     pty_exitcode,
     pty_sendok,
     pty_ldisc,
@@ -826,5 +1163,7 @@ Backend pty_backend = {
     pty_provide_logctx,
     pty_unthrottle,
     pty_cfg_info,
-    1
+    "pty",
+    -1,
+    0
 };