* Result is returned in the first 2*len words of c.
*/
#define KARATSUBA_THRESHOLD 50
-static void internal_mul(BignumInt *a, BignumInt *b,
+static void internal_mul(const BignumInt *a, const BignumInt *b,
BignumInt *c, int len)
{
int i, j;
}
}
+/*
+ * Variant form of internal_mul used for the initial step of
+ * Montgomery reduction. Only bothers outputting 'len' words
+ * (everything above that is thrown away).
+ */
+static void internal_mul_low(const BignumInt *a, const BignumInt *b,
+ BignumInt *c, int len)
+{
+ int i, j;
+ BignumDblInt t;
+
+ if (len > KARATSUBA_THRESHOLD) {
+
+ /*
+ * Karatsuba-aware version of internal_mul_low. As before, we
+ * express each input value as a shifted combination of two
+ * halves:
+ *
+ * a = a_1 D + a_0
+ * b = b_1 D + b_0
+ *
+ * Then the full product is, as before,
+ *
+ * ab = a_1 b_1 D^2 + (a_1 b_0 + a_0 b_1) D + a_0 b_0
+ *
+ * Provided we choose D on the large side (so that a_0 and b_0
+ * are _at least_ as long as a_1 and b_1), we don't need the
+ * topmost term at all, and we only need half of the middle
+ * term. So there's no point in doing the proper Karatsuba
+ * optimisation which computes the middle term using the top
+ * one, because we'd take as long computing the top one as
+ * just computing the middle one directly.
+ *
+ * So instead, we do a much more obvious thing: we call the
+ * fully optimised internal_mul to compute a_0 b_0, and we
+ * recursively call ourself to compute the _bottom halves_ of
+ * a_1 b_0 and a_0 b_1, each of which we add into the result
+ * in the obvious way.
+ *
+ * In other words, there's no actual Karatsuba _optimisation_
+ * in this function; the only benefit in doing it this way is
+ * that we call internal_mul proper for a large part of the
+ * work, and _that_ can optimise its operation.
+ */
+
+ int toplen = len/2, botlen = len - toplen; /* botlen is the bigger */
+ BignumInt *scratch;
+
+ /*
+ * Allocate scratch space for the various bits and pieces
+ * we're going to be adding together. We need botlen*2 words
+ * for a_0 b_0 (though we may end up throwing away its topmost
+ * word), and toplen words for each of a_1 b_0 and a_0 b_1.
+ * That adds up to exactly 2*len.
+ */
+ scratch = snewn(len*2, BignumInt);
+
+ /* a_0 b_0 */
+ internal_mul(a + toplen, b + toplen, scratch + 2*toplen, botlen);
+
+ /* a_1 b_0 */
+ internal_mul_low(a, b + len - toplen, scratch + toplen, toplen);
+
+ /* a_0 b_1 */
+ internal_mul_low(a + len - toplen, b, scratch, toplen);
+
+ /* Copy the bottom half of the big coefficient into place */
+ for (j = 0; j < botlen; j++)
+ c[toplen + j] = scratch[2*toplen + botlen + j];
+
+ /* Add the two small coefficients, throwing away the returned carry */
+ internal_add(scratch, scratch + toplen, scratch, toplen);
+
+ /* And add that to the large coefficient, leaving the result in c. */
+ internal_add(scratch, scratch + 2*toplen + botlen - toplen,
+ c, toplen);
+
+ /* Free scratch. */
+ for (j = 0; j < len*2; j++)
+ scratch[j] = 0;
+ sfree(scratch);
+
+ } else {
+
+ for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+ c[j] = 0;
+
+ for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+ t = 0;
+ for (j = len - 1; j >= len - i - 1; j--) {
+ t += MUL_WORD(a[i], (BignumDblInt) b[j]);
+ t += (BignumDblInt) c[i + j + 1 - len];
+ c[i + j + 1 - len] = (BignumInt) t;
+ t = t >> BIGNUM_INT_BITS;
+ }
+ }
+
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Montgomery reduction. Expects x to be a big-endian array of 2*len
+ * BignumInts whose value satisfies 0 <= x < rn (where r = 2^(len *
+ * BIGNUM_INT_BITS) is the Montgomery base). Returns in the same array
+ * a value x' which is congruent to xr^{-1} mod n, and satisfies 0 <=
+ * x' < n.
+ *
+ * 'n' and 'mninv' should be big-endian arrays of 'len' BignumInts
+ * each, containing respectively n and the multiplicative inverse of
+ * -n mod r.
+ *
+ * 'tmp' is an array of at least '3*len' BignumInts used as scratch
+ * space.
+ */
+static void monty_reduce(BignumInt *x, const BignumInt *n,
+ const BignumInt *mninv, BignumInt *tmp, int len)
+{
+ int i;
+ BignumInt carry;
+
+ /*
+ * Multiply x by (-n)^{-1} mod r. This gives us a value m such
+ * that mn is congruent to -x mod r. Hence, mn+x is an exact
+ * multiple of r, and is also (obviously) congruent to x mod n.
+ */
+ internal_mul_low(x + len, mninv, tmp, len);
+
+ /*
+ * Compute t = (mn+x)/r in ordinary, non-modular, integer
+ * arithmetic. By construction this is exact, and is congruent mod
+ * n to x * r^{-1}, i.e. the answer we want.
+ *
+ * The following multiply leaves that answer in the _most_
+ * significant half of the 'x' array, so then we must shift it
+ * down.
+ */
+ internal_mul(tmp, n, tmp+len, len);
+ carry = internal_add(x, tmp+len, x, 2*len);
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+ x[len + i] = x[i], x[i] = 0;
+
+ /*
+ * Reduce t mod n. This doesn't require a full-on division by n,
+ * but merely a test and single optional subtraction, since we can
+ * show that 0 <= t < 2n.
+ *
+ * Proof:
+ * + we computed m mod r, so 0 <= m < r.
+ * + so 0 <= mn < rn, obviously
+ * + hence we only need 0 <= x < rn to guarantee that 0 <= mn+x < 2rn
+ * + yielding 0 <= (mn+x)/r < 2n as required.
+ */
+ if (!carry) {
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+ if (x[len + i] != n[i])
+ break;
+ }
+ if (carry || i >= len || x[len + i] > n[i])
+ internal_sub(x+len, n, x+len, len);
+}
+
static void internal_add_shifted(BignumInt *number,
unsigned n, int shift)
{
}
/*
- * Compute (base ^ exp) % mod.
+ * Compute (base ^ exp) % mod. Uses the Montgomery multiplication
+ * technique.
*/
Bignum modpow(Bignum base_in, Bignum exp, Bignum mod)
{
- BignumInt *a, *b, *n, *m;
- int mshift;
- int mlen, i, j;
- Bignum base, result;
+ BignumInt *a, *b, *x, *n, *mninv, *tmp;
+ int len, i, j;
+ Bignum base, base2, r, rn, inv, result;
/*
* The most significant word of mod needs to be non-zero. It
*/
base = bigmod(base_in, mod);
- /* Allocate m of size mlen, copy mod to m */
- /* We use big endian internally */
- mlen = mod[0];
- m = snewn(mlen, BignumInt);
- for (j = 0; j < mlen; j++)
- m[j] = mod[mod[0] - j];
+ /*
+ * mod had better be odd, or we can't do Montgomery multiplication
+ * using a power of two at all.
+ */
+ assert(mod[1] & 1);
- /* Shift m left to make msb bit set */
- for (mshift = 0; mshift < BIGNUM_INT_BITS-1; mshift++)
- if ((m[0] << mshift) & BIGNUM_TOP_BIT)
- break;
- if (mshift) {
- for (i = 0; i < mlen - 1; i++)
- m[i] = (m[i] << mshift) | (m[i + 1] >> (BIGNUM_INT_BITS - mshift));
- m[mlen - 1] = m[mlen - 1] << mshift;
- }
+ /*
+ * Compute the inverse of n mod r, for monty_reduce. (In fact we
+ * want the inverse of _minus_ n mod r, but we'll sort that out
+ * below.)
+ */
+ len = mod[0];
+ r = bn_power_2(BIGNUM_INT_BITS * len);
+ inv = modinv(mod, r);
- /* Allocate n of size mlen, copy base to n */
- n = snewn(mlen, BignumInt);
- i = mlen - base[0];
- for (j = 0; j < i; j++)
- n[j] = 0;
- for (j = 0; j < (int)base[0]; j++)
- n[i + j] = base[base[0] - j];
+ /*
+ * Multiply the base by r mod n, to get it into Montgomery
+ * representation.
+ */
+ base2 = modmul(base, r, mod);
+ freebn(base);
+ base = base2;
- /* Allocate a and b of size 2*mlen. Set a = 1 */
- a = snewn(2 * mlen, BignumInt);
- b = snewn(2 * mlen, BignumInt);
- for (i = 0; i < 2 * mlen; i++)
- a[i] = 0;
- a[2 * mlen - 1] = 1;
+ rn = bigmod(r, mod); /* r mod n, i.e. Montgomerified 1 */
+
+ freebn(r); /* won't need this any more */
+
+ /*
+ * Set up internal arrays of the right lengths, in big-endian
+ * format, containing the base, the modulus, and the modulus's
+ * inverse.
+ */
+ n = snewn(len, BignumInt);
+ for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+ n[len - 1 - j] = mod[j + 1];
+
+ mninv = snewn(len, BignumInt);
+ for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+ mninv[len - 1 - j] = (j < inv[0] ? inv[j + 1] : 0);
+ freebn(inv); /* we don't need this copy of it any more */
+ /* Now negate mninv mod r, so it's the inverse of -n rather than +n. */
+ x = snewn(len, BignumInt);
+ for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+ x[j] = 0;
+ internal_sub(x, mninv, mninv, len);
+
+ /* x = snewn(len, BignumInt); */ /* already done above */
+ for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+ x[len - 1 - j] = (j < base[0] ? base[j + 1] : 0);
+ freebn(base); /* we don't need this copy of it any more */
+
+ a = snewn(2*len, BignumInt);
+ b = snewn(2*len, BignumInt);
+ for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+ a[2*len - 1 - j] = (j < rn[0] ? rn[j + 1] : 0);
+ freebn(rn);
+
+ tmp = snewn(3*len, BignumInt);
/* Skip leading zero bits of exp. */
i = 0;
/* Main computation */
while (i < (int)exp[0]) {
while (j >= 0) {
- internal_mul(a + mlen, a + mlen, b, mlen);
- internal_mod(b, mlen * 2, m, mlen, NULL, 0);
+ internal_mul(a + len, a + len, b, len);
+ monty_reduce(b, n, mninv, tmp, len);
if ((exp[exp[0] - i] & (1 << j)) != 0) {
- internal_mul(b + mlen, n, a, mlen);
- internal_mod(a, mlen * 2, m, mlen, NULL, 0);
+ internal_mul(b + len, x, a, len);
+ monty_reduce(a, n, mninv, tmp, len);
} else {
BignumInt *t;
t = a;
j = BIGNUM_INT_BITS-1;
}
- /* Fixup result in case the modulus was shifted */
- if (mshift) {
- for (i = mlen - 1; i < 2 * mlen - 1; i++)
- a[i] = (a[i] << mshift) | (a[i + 1] >> (BIGNUM_INT_BITS - mshift));
- a[2 * mlen - 1] = a[2 * mlen - 1] << mshift;
- internal_mod(a, mlen * 2, m, mlen, NULL, 0);
- for (i = 2 * mlen - 1; i >= mlen; i--)
- a[i] = (a[i] >> mshift) | (a[i - 1] << (BIGNUM_INT_BITS - mshift));
- }
+ /*
+ * Final monty_reduce to get back from the adjusted Montgomery
+ * representation.
+ */
+ monty_reduce(a, n, mninv, tmp, len);
/* Copy result to buffer */
result = newbn(mod[0]);
- for (i = 0; i < mlen; i++)
- result[result[0] - i] = a[i + mlen];
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+ result[result[0] - i] = a[i + len];
while (result[0] > 1 && result[result[0]] == 0)
result[0]--;
/* Free temporary arrays */
- for (i = 0; i < 2 * mlen; i++)
+ for (i = 0; i < 3 * len; i++)
+ tmp[i] = 0;
+ sfree(tmp);
+ for (i = 0; i < 2 * len; i++)
a[i] = 0;
sfree(a);
- for (i = 0; i < 2 * mlen; i++)
+ for (i = 0; i < 2 * len; i++)
b[i] = 0;
sfree(b);
- for (i = 0; i < mlen; i++)
- m[i] = 0;
- sfree(m);
- for (i = 0; i < mlen; i++)
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+ mninv[i] = 0;
+ sfree(mninv);
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
n[i] = 0;
sfree(n);
-
- freebn(base);
+ for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+ x[i] = 0;
+ sfree(x);
return result;
}
}
/*
+ * Simple addition.
+ */
+Bignum bigadd(Bignum a, Bignum b)
+{
+ int alen = a[0], blen = b[0];
+ int rlen = (alen > blen ? alen : blen) + 1;
+ int i, maxspot;
+ Bignum ret;
+ BignumDblInt carry;
+
+ ret = newbn(rlen);
+
+ carry = 0;
+ maxspot = 0;
+ for (i = 1; i <= rlen; i++) {
+ carry += (i <= (int)a[0] ? a[i] : 0);
+ carry += (i <= (int)b[0] ? b[i] : 0);
+ ret[i] = (BignumInt) carry & BIGNUM_INT_MASK;
+ carry >>= BIGNUM_INT_BITS;
+ if (ret[i] != 0 && i > maxspot)
+ maxspot = i;
+ }
+ ret[0] = maxspot;
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Subtraction. Returns a-b, or NULL if the result would come out
+ * negative (recall that this entire bignum module only handles
+ * positive numbers).
+ */
+Bignum bigsub(Bignum a, Bignum b)
+{
+ int alen = a[0], blen = b[0];
+ int rlen = (alen > blen ? alen : blen);
+ int i, maxspot;
+ Bignum ret;
+ BignumDblInt carry;
+
+ ret = newbn(rlen);
+
+ carry = 1;
+ maxspot = 0;
+ for (i = 1; i <= rlen; i++) {
+ carry += (i <= (int)a[0] ? a[i] : 0);
+ carry += (i <= (int)b[0] ? b[i] ^ BIGNUM_INT_MASK : BIGNUM_INT_MASK);
+ ret[i] = (BignumInt) carry & BIGNUM_INT_MASK;
+ carry >>= BIGNUM_INT_BITS;
+ if (ret[i] != 0 && i > maxspot)
+ maxspot = i;
+ }
+ ret[0] = maxspot;
+
+ if (!carry) {
+ freebn(ret);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/*
* Create a bignum which is the bitmask covering another one. That
* is, the smallest integer which is >= N and is also one less than
* a power of two.
projects / u / mdw / putty / blobdiff