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1 | \versionid $Id: faq.but,v 1.51 2003/11/19 19:09:07 jacob Exp $ |
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2 | |
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3 | \A{faq} PuTTY FAQ |
4 | |
5 | This FAQ is published on the PuTTY web site, and also provided as an |
6 | appendix in the manual. |
7 | |
8 | \H{faq-support} Features supported in PuTTY |
9 | |
10 | In general, if you want to know if PuTTY supports a particular |
11 | feature, you should look for it on the |
12 | \W{http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/}{PuTTY web site}. |
13 | In particular: |
14 | |
15 | \b try the |
16 | \W{http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/changes.html}{changes |
17 | page}, and see if you can find the feature on there. If a feature is |
18 | listed there, it's been implemented. If it's listed as a change made |
19 | \e{since} the latest version, it should be available in the |
20 | development snapshots, in which case testing will be very welcome. |
21 | |
22 | \b try the |
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23 | \W{http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/wishlist/}{Wishlist |
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24 | page}, and see if you can find the feature there. If it's on there, |
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25 | and not in the \q{Recently fixed} section, it probably \e{hasn't} been |
26 | implemented. |
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27 | |
a1d2976b |
28 | \S{faq-ssh2}{Question} Does PuTTY support SSH v2? |
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29 | |
30 | Yes. SSH v2 support has been available in PuTTY since version 0.50. |
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31 | |
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32 | Public key authentication (both RSA and DSA) in SSH v2 is new in |
33 | version 0.52. |
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34 | |
a1d2976b |
35 | \S{faq-ssh2-keyfmt}{Question} Does PuTTY support reading OpenSSH or |
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36 | \cw{ssh.com} SSHv2 private key files? |
37 | |
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38 | PuTTY doesn't support this natively, but as of 0.53 |
39 | PuTTYgen can convert both OpenSSH and \cw{ssh.com} private key |
40 | files into PuTTY's format. |
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41 | |
a1d2976b |
42 | \S{faq-ssh1}{Question} Does PuTTY support SSH v1? |
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43 | |
44 | Yes. SSH 1 support has always been available in PuTTY. |
45 | |
a1d2976b |
46 | \S{faq-localecho}{Question} Does PuTTY support local echo? |
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47 | |
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48 | Yes. Version 0.52 has proper support for local echo. |
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49 | |
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50 | In version 0.51 and before, local echo could not be separated from |
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51 | local line editing (where you type a line of text locally, and it is |
52 | not sent to the server until you press Return, so you have the |
53 | chance to edit it and correct mistakes \e{before} the server sees |
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54 | it). New in version 0.52, local echo and local line editing are |
55 | separate options, and by default PuTTY will try to determine |
56 | automatically whether to enable them or not, based on which protocol |
57 | you have selected and also based on hints from the server. If you |
58 | have a problem with PuTTY's default choice, you can force each |
59 | option to be enabled or disabled as you choose. The controls are in |
60 | the Terminal panel, in the section marked \q{Line discipline |
61 | options}. |
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62 | |
a1d2976b |
63 | \S{faq-disksettings}{Question} Does PuTTY support storing its |
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64 | settings in a disk file? |
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65 | |
66 | Not at present, although \k{config-file} in the documentation gives |
67 | a method of achieving the same effect. |
68 | |
a1d2976b |
69 | \S{faq-fullscreen}{Question} Does PuTTY support full-screen mode, |
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70 | like a DOS box? |
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71 | |
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72 | Yes; this is a new feature in version 0.52. |
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73 | |
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74 | \S{faq-password-remember}{Question} Does PuTTY have the ability to |
75 | remember my password so I don't have to type it every time? |
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76 | |
77 | No, it doesn't. |
78 | |
79 | Remembering your password is a bad plan for obvious security |
80 | reasons: anyone who gains access to your machine while you're away |
81 | from your desk can find out the remembered password, and use it, |
82 | abuse it or change it. |
83 | |
84 | In addition, it's not even \e{possible} for PuTTY to automatically |
85 | send your password in a Telnet session, because Telnet doesn't give |
86 | the client software any indication of which part of the login |
87 | process is the password prompt. PuTTY would have to guess, by |
88 | looking for words like \q{password} in the session data; and if your |
89 | login program is written in something other than English, this won't |
90 | work. |
91 | |
92 | In SSH, remembering your password would be possible in theory, but |
93 | there doesn't seem to be much point since SSH supports public key |
94 | authentication, which is more flexible and more secure. See |
95 | \k{pubkey} in the documentation for a full discussion of public key |
96 | authentication. |
97 | |
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98 | \S{faq-hostkeys}{Question} Is there an option to turn off the |
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99 | annoying host key prompts? |
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100 | |
101 | No, there isn't. And there won't be. Even if you write it yourself |
102 | and send us the patch, we won't accept it. |
103 | |
104 | Those annoying host key prompts are the \e{whole point} of SSH. |
105 | Without them, all the cryptographic technology SSH uses to secure |
106 | your session is doing nothing more than making an attacker's job |
107 | slightly harder; instead of sitting between you and the server with |
108 | a packet sniffer, the attacker must actually subvert a router and |
109 | start modifying the packets going back and forth. But that's not all |
110 | that much harder than just sniffing; and without host key checking, |
111 | it will go completely undetected by client or server. |
112 | |
113 | Host key checking is your guarantee that the encryption you put on |
114 | your data at the client end is the \e{same} encryption taken off the |
115 | data at the server end; it's your guarantee that it hasn't been |
116 | removed and replaced somewhere on the way. Host key checking makes |
117 | the attacker's job \e{astronomically} hard, compared to packet |
118 | sniffing, and even compared to subverting a router. Instead of |
119 | applying a little intelligence and keeping an eye on Bugtraq, the |
120 | attacker must now perform a brute-force attack against at least one |
121 | military-strength cipher. That insignificant host key prompt really |
122 | does make \e{that} much difference. |
123 | |
124 | If you're having a specific problem with host key checking - perhaps |
125 | you want an automated batch job to make use of PSCP or Plink, and |
126 | the interactive host key prompt is hanging the batch process - then |
127 | the right way to fix it is to add the correct host key to the |
128 | Registry in advance. That way, you retain the \e{important} feature |
129 | of host key checking: the right key will be accepted and the wrong |
130 | ones will not. Adding an option to turn host key checking off |
131 | completely is the wrong solution and we will not do it. |
132 | |
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133 | \S{faq-server}{Question} Will you write an SSH server for the PuTTY |
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134 | suite, to go with the client? |
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135 | |
136 | No. The only reason we might want to would be if we could easily |
137 | re-use existing code and significantly cut down the effort. We don't |
138 | believe this is the case; there just isn't enough common ground |
139 | between an SSH client and server to make it worthwhile. |
140 | |
141 | If someone else wants to use bits of PuTTY in the process of writing |
142 | a Windows SSH server, they'd be perfectly welcome to of course, but |
143 | I really can't see it being a lot less effort for us to do that than |
144 | it would be for us to write a server from the ground up. We don't |
145 | have time, and we don't have motivation. The code is available if |
146 | anyone else wants to try it. |
147 | |
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148 | \S{faq-pscp-ascii}{Question} Can PSCP or PSFTP transfer files in |
149 | ASCII mode? |
150 | |
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151 | Unfortunately not. |
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152 | |
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153 | Until recently, this was a limitation of the file transfer protocols: |
154 | the SCP and SFTP protocols had no notion of transferring a file in |
155 | anything other than binary mode. (This is still true of SCP.) |
156 | |
157 | The current draft protocol spec of SFTP proposes a means of |
158 | implementing ASCII transfer. At some point PSCP/PSFTP may implement |
159 | this proposal. |
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160 | |
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161 | \H{faq-ports} Ports to other operating systems |
162 | |
163 | The eventual goal is for PuTTY to be a multi-platform program, able |
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164 | to run on at least Windows, Mac OS and Unix. |
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165 | |
166 | Porting will become easier once PuTTY has a generalised porting |
167 | layer, drawing a clear line between platform-dependent and |
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168 | platform-independent code. The general intention was for this |
169 | porting layer to evolve naturally as part of the process of doing |
170 | the first port; a Unix port is now under way and the plan seems to |
171 | be working so far. |
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172 | |
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173 | \S{faq-ports-general}{Question} What ports of PuTTY exist? |
174 | |
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175 | Currently, release versions of PuTTY only run on full Win32 systems. |
176 | This includes Windows 95, 98, and ME, and it includes Windows NT, |
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177 | Windows 2000 and Windows XP. In the development code, partial ports |
178 | to Unix (see \k{faq-unix}) and the Mac OS (see \k{faq-mac-port}). |
179 | are under way. |
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180 | |
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181 | Currently PuTTY does \e{not} run on Windows CE (see \k{faq-wince}), |
182 | and it does not quite run on the Win32s environment under Windows |
183 | 3.1 (see \k{faq-win31}). |
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184 | |
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185 | We do not have release-quality ports for any other systems at the |
186 | present time. If anyone told you we had a Mac port, or an iPaq port, |
187 | or any other port of PuTTY, they were mistaken. We don't. |
188 | |
189 | \S{faq-unix}{Question} Will there be a port to Unix? |
190 | |
191 | It's currently being worked on. If you look at the nightly source |
192 | snapshots, you should find a \c{unix} subdirectory, which should |
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193 | build you Unix ports of Plink, PuTTY itself, PSCP, PSFTP, and |
194 | also \c{pterm} - an \cw{xterm}-type program which supports the |
195 | same terminal emulation as PuTTY. We do not yet have Unix ports of |
196 | Pageant or PuTTYgen. |
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197 | |
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198 | \S{faq-wince}{Question} Will there be a port to Windows CE or PocketPC? |
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199 | |
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200 | It's currently being worked on, but it's only in its early stages yet, |
201 | and certainly isn't yet useful. PuTTY on portable devices would |
202 | clearly be a useful thing, so in the long term I hope it can be |
203 | brought up to release quality. |
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204 | |
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205 | \S{faq-win31}{Question} Is there a port to Windows 3.1? |
206 | |
207 | PuTTY is a 32-bit application from the ground up, so it won't run on |
208 | Windows 3.1 as a native 16-bit program; and it would be \e{very} |
209 | hard to port it to do so, because of Windows 3.1's vile memory |
210 | allocation mechanisms. |
211 | |
212 | However, it is possible in theory to compile the existing PuTTY |
213 | source in such a way that it will run under Win32s (an extension to |
214 | Windows 3.1 to let you run 32-bit programs). In order to do this |
215 | you'll need the right kind of C compiler - modern versions of Visual |
216 | C at least have stopped being backwards compatible to Win32s. Also, |
217 | the last time we tried this it didn't work very well. |
218 | |
219 | If you're interested in running PuTTY under Windows 3.1, help and |
220 | testing in this area would be very welcome! |
221 | |
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222 | \S{faq-mac-port}{Question} Will there be a port to the Mac? |
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223 | |
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224 | There is a port to the Mac OS in progress. It's just about usable, but |
225 | has an awful lot of gaps and rough edges that will need cleaning up |
226 | before release. |
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227 | |
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228 | \S{faq-epoc}{Question} Will there be a port to EPOC? |
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229 | |
230 | I hope so, but given that ports aren't really progressing very fast |
231 | even on systems the developers \e{do} already know how to program |
232 | for, it might be a long time before any of us get round to learning |
233 | a new system and doing the port for that. |
234 | |
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235 | However, some of the work has been done by other people, and a beta |
236 | port of PuTTY for the Nokia 9200 Communicator series is available |
237 | from \W{http://www.s2.org/putty/}\cw{http://www.s2.org/putty/} |
238 | |
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239 | \H{faq-embedding} Embedding PuTTY in other programs |
240 | |
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241 | \S{faq-dll}{Question} Is the SSH or Telnet code available as a DLL? |
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242 | |
243 | No, it isn't. It would take a reasonable amount of rewriting for |
244 | this to be possible, and since the PuTTY project itself doesn't |
245 | believe in DLLs (they make installation more error-prone) none of us |
246 | has taken the time to do it. |
247 | |
248 | Most of the code cleanup work would be a good thing to happen in |
249 | general, so if anyone feels like helping, we wouldn't say no. |
250 | |
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251 | \S{faq-vb}{Question} Is the SSH or Telnet code available as a Visual |
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252 | Basic component? |
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253 | |
254 | No, it isn't. None of the PuTTY team uses Visual Basic, and none of |
255 | us has any particular need to make SSH connections from a Visual |
256 | Basic application. In addition, all the preliminary work to turn it |
257 | into a DLL would be necessary first; and furthermore, we don't even |
258 | know how to write VB components. |
259 | |
260 | If someone offers to do some of this work for us, we might consider |
261 | it, but unless that happens I can't see VB integration being |
262 | anywhere other than the very bottom of our priority list. |
263 | |
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264 | \S{faq-ipc}{Question} How can I use PuTTY to make an SSH connection |
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265 | from within another program? |
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266 | |
267 | Probably your best bet is to use Plink, the command-line connection |
268 | tool. If you can start Plink as a second Windows process, and |
269 | arrange for your primary process to be able to send data to the |
270 | Plink process, and receive data from it, through pipes, then you |
271 | should be able to make SSH connections from your program. |
272 | |
273 | This is what CVS for Windows does, for example. |
274 | |
275 | \H{faq-details} Details of PuTTY's operation |
276 | |
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277 | \S{faq-term}{Question} What terminal type does PuTTY use? |
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278 | |
279 | For most purposes, PuTTY can be considered to be an \cw{xterm} |
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280 | terminal. |
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281 | |
282 | PuTTY also supports some terminal control sequences not supported by |
283 | the real \cw{xterm}: notably the Linux console sequences that |
284 | reconfigure the colour palette, and the title bar control sequences |
285 | used by \cw{DECterm} (which are different from the \cw{xterm} ones; |
286 | PuTTY supports both). |
287 | |
288 | By default, PuTTY announces its terminal type to the server as |
289 | \c{xterm}. If you have a problem with this, you can reconfigure it |
290 | to say something else; \c{vt220} might help if you have trouble. |
291 | |
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292 | \S{faq-settings}{Question} Where does PuTTY store its data? |
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293 | |
294 | PuTTY stores most of its data (saved sessions, SSH host keys) in the |
295 | Registry. The precise location is |
296 | |
297 | \c HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY |
298 | |
299 | and within that area, saved sessions are stored under \c{Sessions} |
300 | while host keys are stored under \c{SshHostKeys}. |
301 | |
302 | PuTTY also requires a random number seed file, to improve the |
303 | unpredictability of randomly chosen data needed as part of the SSH |
304 | cryptography. This is stored by default in your Windows home |
305 | directory (\c{%HOMEDRIVE%\\%HOMEPATH%}), or in the actual Windows |
306 | directory (such as \c{C:\\WINDOWS}) if the home directory doesn't |
307 | exist, for example if you're using Win95. If you want to change the |
308 | location of the random number seed file, you can put your chosen |
309 | pathname in the Registry, at |
310 | |
311 | \c HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\RandSeedFile |
312 | |
313 | \H{faq-howto} HOWTO questions |
314 | |
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315 | \S{faq-startmax}{Question} How can I make PuTTY start up maximised? |
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316 | |
317 | Create a Windows shortcut to start PuTTY from, and set it as \q{Run |
318 | Maximized}. |
319 | |
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320 | \S{faq-startsess}{Question} How can I create a Windows shortcut to |
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321 | start a particular saved session directly? |
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322 | |
323 | To run a PuTTY session saved under the name \q{\cw{mysession}}, |
324 | create a Windows shortcut that invokes PuTTY with a command line |
325 | like |
326 | |
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327 | \c \path\name\to\putty.exe -load mysession |
328 | |
329 | (Note: prior to 0.53, the syntax was \c{@session}. This is now |
330 | deprecated and may be removed at some point.) |
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331 | |
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332 | \S{faq-startssh}{Question} How can I start an SSH session straight |
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333 | from the command line? |
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334 | |
335 | Use the command line \c{putty -ssh host.name}. Alternatively, create |
336 | a saved session that specifies the SSH protocol, and start the saved |
337 | session as shown in \k{faq-startsess}. |
338 | |
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339 | \S{faq-cutpaste}{Question} How do I copy and paste between PuTTY and |
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340 | other Windows applications? |
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341 | |
342 | Copy and paste works similarly to the X Window System. You use the |
343 | left mouse button to select text in the PuTTY window. The act of |
344 | selection \e{automatically} copies the text to the clipboard: there |
345 | is no need to press Ctrl-Ins or Ctrl-C or anything else. In fact, |
346 | pressing Ctrl-C will send a Ctrl-C character to the other end of |
347 | your connection (just like it does the rest of the time), which may |
348 | have unpleasant effects. The \e{only} thing you need to do, to copy |
349 | text to the clipboard, is to select it. |
350 | |
351 | To paste the clipboard contents into a PuTTY window, by default you |
352 | click the right mouse button. If you have a three-button mouse and |
353 | are used to X applications, you can configure pasting to be done by |
354 | the middle button instead, but this is not the default because most |
355 | Windows users don't have a middle button at all. |
356 | |
357 | You can also paste by pressing Shift-Ins. |
358 | |
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359 | \S{faq-tunnels}{Question} How do I use X forwarding and port |
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360 | forwarding? I can't find the Tunnels panel. |
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361 | |
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362 | This is a new feature in version 0.52. You should upgrade. |
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363 | |
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364 | \S{faq-options}{Question} How do I use all PuTTY's features (public |
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365 | keys, proxying, cipher selection, etc.) in PSCP, PSFTP and Plink? |
366 | |
367 | Most major features (e.g., public keys, port forwarding) are available |
368 | through command line options. See the documentation. |
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369 | |
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370 | Not all features are accessible from the command line yet, although |
371 | we'd like to fix this. In the meantime, you can use most of |
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372 | PuTTY's features if you create a PuTTY saved session, and then use |
373 | the name of the saved session on the command line in place of a |
374 | hostname. This works for PSCP, PSFTP and Plink (but don't expect |
375 | port forwarding in the file transfer applications!). |
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376 | |
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377 | \S{faq-pscp}{Question} How do I use PSCP.EXE? When I double-click it |
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378 | gives me a command prompt window which then closes instantly. |
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379 | |
380 | PSCP is a command-line application, not a GUI application. If you |
381 | run it without arguments, it will simply print a help message and |
382 | terminate. |
383 | |
384 | To use PSCP properly, run it from a Command Prompt window. See |
385 | \k{pscp} in the documentation for more details. |
386 | |
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387 | \S{faq-pscp-spaces}{Question} How do I use PSCP to copy a file whose |
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388 | name has spaces in? |
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389 | |
390 | If PSCP is using the traditional SCP protocol, this is confusing. If |
391 | you're specifying a file at the local end, you just use one set of |
392 | quotes as you would normally do: |
393 | |
394 | \c pscp "local filename with spaces" user@host: |
395 | \c pscp user@host:myfile "local filename with spaces" |
396 | |
397 | But if the filename you're specifying is on the \e{remote} side, you |
398 | have to use backslashes and two sets of quotes: |
399 | |
400 | \c pscp user@host:"\"remote filename with spaces\"" local_filename |
401 | \c pscp local_filename user@host:"\"remote filename with spaces\"" |
402 | |
403 | Worse still, in a remote-to-local copy you have to specify the local |
404 | file name explicitly, otherwise PSCP will complain that they don't |
405 | match (unless you specified the \c{-unsafe} option). The following |
406 | command will give an error message: |
407 | |
408 | \c c:\>pscp user@host:"\"oo er\"" . |
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409 | \c warning: remote host tried to write to a file called 'oo er' |
410 | \c when we requested a file called '"oo er"'. |
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411 | |
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412 | Instead, you need to specify the local file name in full: |
413 | |
414 | \c c:\>pscp user@host:"\"oo er\"" "oo er" |
415 | |
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416 | If PSCP is using the newer SFTP protocol, none of this is a problem, |
417 | and all filenames with spaces in are specified using a single pair |
418 | of quotes in the obvious way: |
419 | |
420 | \c pscp "local file" user@host: |
421 | \c pscp user@host:"remote file" . |
422 | |
423 | \H{faq-trouble} Troubleshooting |
424 | |
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425 | \S{faq-incorrect-mac}{Question} Why do I see \q{Incorrect MAC |
426 | received on packet}? |
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427 | |
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428 | One possible cause of this that used to be common is a bug in old |
429 | SSH 2 servers distributed by \cw{ssh.com}. (This is not the only |
430 | possible cause; see \k{errors-crc} in the documentation.) |
431 | Version 2.3.0 and below of their SSH 2 server |
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432 | constructs Message Authentication Codes in the wrong way, and |
433 | expects the client to construct them in the same wrong way. PuTTY |
434 | constructs the MACs correctly by default, and hence these old |
435 | servers will fail to work with it. |
436 | |
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437 | If you are using PuTTY version 0.52 or better, this should work |
438 | automatically: PuTTY should detect the buggy servers from their |
439 | version number announcement, and automatically start to construct |
440 | its MACs in the same incorrect manner as they do, so it will be able |
441 | to work with them. |
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442 | |
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443 | If you are using PuTTY version 0.51 or below, you can enable the |
444 | workaround by going to the SSH panel and ticking the box labelled |
445 | \q{Imitate SSH 2 MAC bug}. It's possible that you might have to do |
446 | this with 0.52 as well, if a buggy server exists that PuTTY doesn't |
447 | know about. |
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448 | |
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449 | In this context MAC stands for Message Authentication Code. It's a |
450 | cryptographic term, and it has nothing at all to do with Ethernet |
451 | MAC (Media Access Control) addresses. |
452 | |
67325335 |
453 | \S{faq-pscp-protocol}{Question} Why do I see \q{Fatal: Protocol |
454 | error: Expected control record} in PSCP? |
455 | |
456 | This happens because PSCP was expecting to see data from the server |
457 | that was part of the PSCP protocol exchange, and instead it saw data |
458 | that it couldn't make any sense of at all. |
459 | |
460 | This almost always happens because the startup scripts in your |
461 | account on the server machine are generating output. This is |
462 | impossible for PSCP, or any other SCP client, to work around. You |
463 | should never use startup files (\c{.bashrc}, \c{.cshrc} and so on) |
464 | which generate output in non-interactive sessions. |
465 | |
466 | This is not actually a PuTTY problem. If PSCP fails in this way, |
467 | then all other SCP clients are likely to fail in exactly the same |
468 | way. The problem is at the server end. |
469 | |
a1d2976b |
470 | \S{faq-colours}{Question} I clicked on a colour in the Colours |
70706890 |
471 | panel, and the colour didn't change in my terminal. |
ee46ef84 |
472 | |
473 | That isn't how you're supposed to use the Colours panel. |
474 | |
475 | During the course of a session, PuTTY potentially uses \e{all} the |
476 | colours listed in the Colours panel. It's not a question of using |
477 | only one of them and you choosing which one; PuTTY will use them |
478 | \e{all}. The purpose of the Colours panel is to let you adjust the |
479 | appearance of all the colours. So to change the colour of the |
480 | cursor, for example, you would select \q{Cursor Colour}, press the |
481 | \q{Modify} button, and select a new colour from the dialog box that |
482 | appeared. Similarly, if you want your session to appear in green, |
483 | you should select \q{Default Foreground} and press \q{Modify}. |
484 | Clicking on \q{ANSI Green} won't turn your session green; it will |
485 | only allow you to adjust the \e{shade} of green used when PuTTY is |
486 | instructed by the server to display green text. |
487 | |
a1d2976b |
488 | \S{faq-winsock2}{Question} Plink on Windows 95 says it can't find |
70706890 |
489 | \cw{WS2_32.DLL}. |
ee46ef84 |
490 | |
491 | Plink requires the extended Windows network library, WinSock version |
492 | 2. This is installed as standard on Windows 98 and above, and on |
493 | Windows NT, and even on later versions of Windows 95; but early |
494 | Win95 installations don't have it. |
495 | |
496 | In order to use Plink on these systems, you will need to download |
497 | the |
498 | \W{http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/contents/wuadmintools/s_wunetworkingtools/w95sockets2/}{WinSock 2 upgrade}: |
499 | |
500 | \c http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/contents/wuadmintools/ |
501 | \c s_wunetworkingtools/w95sockets2/ |
502 | |
a1d2976b |
503 | \S{faq-rekey}{Question} My PuTTY sessions close after an hour and |
70706890 |
504 | tell me \q{Server failed host key check}. |
ee46ef84 |
505 | |
506 | This is a bug in all versions of PuTTY up to and including 0.51. SSH |
507 | v2 servers from \cw{ssh.com} will require the key exchange to be |
508 | repeated one hour after the start of the connection, and PuTTY will |
509 | get this wrong. |
510 | |
a58b605b |
511 | Upgrade to version 0.52 or better and the problem should go away. |
ee46ef84 |
512 | |
a1d2976b |
513 | \S{faq-outofmem}{Question} After trying to establish an SSH 2 |
70706890 |
514 | connection, PuTTY says \q{Out of memory} and dies. |
ee46ef84 |
515 | |
516 | If this happens just while the connection is starting up, this often |
517 | indicates that for some reason the client and server have failed to |
518 | establish a session encryption key. Somehow, they have performed |
519 | calculations that should have given each of them the same key, but |
520 | have ended up with different keys; so data encrypted by one and |
521 | decrypted by the other looks like random garbage. |
522 | |
523 | This causes an \q{out of memory} error because the first encrypted |
524 | data PuTTY expects to see is the length of an SSH message. Normally |
525 | this will be something well under 100 bytes. If the decryption has |
526 | failed, PuTTY will see a completely random length in the region of |
527 | two \e{gigabytes}, and will try to allocate enough memory to store |
528 | this non-existent message. This will immediately lead to it thinking |
529 | it doesn't have enough memory, and panicking. |
530 | |
531 | If this happens to you, it is quite likely to still be a PuTTY bug |
532 | and you should report it (although it might be a bug in your SSH |
533 | server instead); but it doesn't necessarily mean you've actually run |
534 | out of memory. |
535 | |
9accb45d |
536 | \S{faq-outofmem2}{Question} When attempting a file transfer, either |
537 | PSCP or PSFTP says \q{Out of memory} and dies. |
538 | |
539 | This is almost always caused by your login scripts on the server |
540 | generating output. PSCP or PSFTP will receive that output when they |
541 | were expecting to see the start of a file transfer protocol, and |
542 | they will attempt to interpret the output as file-transfer protocol. |
543 | This will usually lead to an \q{out of memory} error for much the |
544 | same reasons as given in \k{faq-outofmem}. |
545 | |
546 | This is a setup problem in your account on your server, \e{not} a |
547 | PSCP/PSFTP bug. Your login scripts should \e{never} generate output |
548 | during non-interactive sessions; secure file transfer is not the |
549 | only form of remote access that will break if they do. |
550 | |
551 | On Unix, a simple fix is to ensure that all the parts of your login |
552 | script that might generate output are in \c{.profile} (if you use a |
553 | Bourne shell derivative) or \c{.login} (if you use a C shell). |
554 | Putting them in more general files such as \c{.bashrc} or \c{.cshrc} |
555 | is liable to lead to problems. |
556 | |
7b24f677 |
557 | \S{faq-psftp-slow}{Question} PSFTP transfers files much slower than PSCP. |
9accb45d |
558 | |
559 | We believe this is because the SFTP and SSH2 protocols are less |
560 | efficient at bulk data transfer than SCP and SSH1, because every |
561 | block of data transferred requires an acknowledgment from the far |
562 | end. It would in theory be possible to queue several blocks of data |
563 | to get round this speed problem, but as yet we haven't done the |
564 | coding. If you really want this fixed, feel free to offer to help. |
565 | |
a1d2976b |
566 | \S{faq-bce}{Question} When I run full-colour applications, I see |
70706890 |
567 | areas of black space where colour ought to be. |
f1453e5c |
568 | |
569 | You almost certainly need to enable the \q{Use background colour to |
570 | erase screen} setting in the Terminal panel. Note that if you do |
571 | this in mid-session, it won't take effect until you reset the |
572 | terminal (see \k{faq-resetterm}). |
573 | |
a1d2976b |
574 | \S{faq-resetterm}{Question} When I change some terminal settings, |
70706890 |
575 | nothing happens. |
f1453e5c |
576 | |
577 | Some of the terminal options (notably Auto Wrap and |
578 | background-colour screen erase) actually represent the \e{default} |
579 | setting, rather than the currently active setting. The server can |
580 | send sequences that modify these options in mid-session, but when |
581 | the terminal is reset (by server action, or by you choosing \q{Reset |
582 | Terminal} from the System menu) the defaults are restored. |
583 | |
584 | If you want to change one of these options in the middle of a |
585 | session, you will find that the change does not immediately take |
586 | effect. It will only take effect once you reset the terminal. |
587 | |
a1d2976b |
588 | \S{faq-altgr}{Question} I can't type characters that require the |
70706890 |
589 | AltGr key. |
ee46ef84 |
590 | |
32c37ecd |
591 | In PuTTY version 0.51, the AltGr key was broken. Upgrade to version |
a58b605b |
592 | 0.52 or better. |
ee46ef84 |
593 | |
a1d2976b |
594 | \S{faq-idleout}{Question} My PuTTY sessions unexpectedly close after |
70706890 |
595 | they are idle for a while. |
ee46ef84 |
596 | |
597 | Some types of firewall, and almost any router doing Network Address |
598 | Translation (NAT, also known as IP masquerading), will forget about |
599 | a connection through them if the connection does nothing for too |
600 | long. This will cause the connection to be rudely cut off when |
601 | contact is resumed. |
602 | |
603 | You can try to combat this by telling PuTTY to send \e{keepalives}: |
604 | packets of data which have no effect on the actual session, but |
605 | which reassure the router or firewall that the network connection is |
606 | still active and worth remembering about. |
607 | |
608 | Keepalives don't solve everything, unfortunately; although they |
609 | cause greater robustness against this sort of router, they can also |
610 | cause a \e{loss} of robustness against network dropouts. See |
611 | \k{config-keepalive} in the documentation for more discussion of |
612 | this. |
613 | |
a1d2976b |
614 | \S{faq-timeout}{Question} PuTTY's network connections time out too |
70706890 |
615 | quickly when network connectivity is temporarily lost. |
ee46ef84 |
616 | |
617 | This is a Windows problem, not a PuTTY problem. The timeout value |
618 | can't be set on per application or per session basis. To increase |
619 | the TCP timeout globally, you need to tinker with the Registry. |
620 | |
621 | On Windows 95, 98 or ME, the registry key you need to change is |
622 | |
623 | \c HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\ |
624 | \c MSTCP\MaxDataRetries |
625 | |
626 | (it must be of type DWORD in Win95, or String in Win98/ME). |
627 | |
628 | On Windows NT or 2000, the registry key is |
629 | |
630 | \c HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\ |
631 | \c Parameters\TcpMaxDataRetransmissions |
632 | |
633 | and it must be of type DWORD. |
634 | |
635 | Set the key's value to something like 10. This will cause Windows to |
636 | try harder to keep connections alive instead of abandoning them. |
637 | |
a1d2976b |
638 | \S{faq-puttyputty}{Question} When I \cw{cat} a binary file, I get |
ee46ef84 |
639 | `PuTTYPuTTYPuTTY' on my command line. |
640 | |
a5a6cb30 |
641 | Don't do that, then. |
ee46ef84 |
642 | |
643 | This is designed behaviour; when PuTTY receives the character |
644 | Control-E from the remote server, it interprets it as a request to |
645 | identify itself, and so it sends back the string \q{\cw{PuTTY}} as |
646 | if that string had been entered at the keyboard. Control-E should |
647 | only be sent by programs that are prepared to deal with the |
648 | response. Writing a binary file to your terminal is likely to output |
649 | many Control-E characters, and cause this behaviour. Don't do it. |
650 | It's a bad plan. |
651 | |
a5a6cb30 |
652 | To mitigate the effects, you could configure the answerback string |
653 | to be empty (see \k{config-answerback}); but writing binary files to |
654 | your terminal is likely to cause various other unpleasant behaviour, |
655 | so this is only a small remedy. |
656 | |
babac7bd |
657 | \S{faq-wintitle}{Question} When I \cw{cat} a binary file, my window |
658 | title changes to a nonsense string. |
ee46ef84 |
659 | |
a5a6cb30 |
660 | Don't do that, then. |
ee46ef84 |
661 | |
662 | It is designed behaviour that PuTTY should have the ability to |
663 | adjust the window title on instructions from the server. Normally |
664 | the control sequence that does this should only be sent |
665 | deliberately, by programs that know what they are doing and intend |
666 | to put meaningful text in the window title. Writing a binary file to |
667 | your terminal runs the risk of sending the same control sequence by |
668 | accident, and cause unexpected changes in the window title. Don't do |
669 | it. |
670 | |
babac7bd |
671 | \S{faq-password-fails}{Question} My keyboard stops working once |
672 | PuTTY displays the password prompt. |
59c1f1f6 |
673 | |
674 | No, it doesn't. PuTTY just doesn't display the password you type, so |
675 | that someone looking at your screen can't see what it is. |
676 | |
677 | Unlike the Windows login prompts, PuTTY doesn't display the password |
678 | as a row of asterisks either. This is so that someone looking at |
679 | your screen can't even tell how \e{long} your password is, which |
680 | might be valuable information. |
681 | |
b5bee048 |
682 | \S{faq-keyboard}{Question} One or more function keys don't do what I |
683 | expected in a server-side application. |
684 | |
685 | If you've already tried all the relevant options in the PuTTY |
686 | Keyboard panel, you may need to mail the PuTTY maintainers and ask. |
687 | |
688 | It is \e{not} usually helpful just to tell us which application, |
689 | which server operating system, and which key isn't working; in order |
690 | to replicate the problem we would need to have a copy of every |
691 | operating system, and every application, that anyone has ever |
692 | complained about. |
693 | |
694 | PuTTY responds to function key presses by sending a sequence of |
695 | control characters to the server. If a function key isn't doing what |
696 | you expect, it's likely that the character sequence your application |
697 | is expecting to receive is not the same as the one PuTTY is sending. |
698 | Therefore what we really need to know is \e{what} sequence the |
699 | application is expecting. |
700 | |
701 | The simplest way to investigate this is to find some other terminal |
702 | environment, in which that function key \e{does} work; and then |
703 | investigate what sequence the function key is sending in that |
704 | situation. One reasonably easy way to do this on a Unix system is to |
705 | type the command \c{cat}, and then press the function key. This is |
706 | likely to produce output of the form \c{^[[11~}. You can also do |
707 | this in PuTTY, to find out what sequence the function key is |
708 | producing in that. Then you can mail the PuTTY maintainers and tell |
709 | us \q{I wanted the F1 key to send \c{^[[11~}, but instead it's |
710 | sending \c{^[OP}, can this be done?}, or something similar. |
711 | |
712 | You should still read the |
713 | \W{http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/feedback.html}{Feedback |
714 | page} on the PuTTY website (also provided as \k{feedback} in the |
715 | manual), and follow the guidelines contained in that. |
716 | |
941d39e2 |
717 | \S{faq-openssh-bad-openssl}{Question} Since my SSH server was upgraded |
718 | to OpenSSH 3.1p1/3.4p1, I can no longer connect with PuTTY. |
1d2a9c9c |
719 | |
720 | There is a known problem when OpenSSH has been built against an |
721 | incorrect version of OpenSSL; the quick workaround is to configure |
722 | PuTTY to use SSH protocol 2 and the Blowfish cipher. |
723 | |
941d39e2 |
724 | For more details and OpenSSH patches, see |
725 | \W{http://bugzilla.mindrot.org/show_bug.cgi?id=138}{bug 138} in the |
726 | OpenSSH BTS. |
727 | |
1d2a9c9c |
728 | This is not a PuTTY-specific problem; if you try to connect with |
941d39e2 |
729 | another client you'll likely have similar problems. (Although PuTTY's |
730 | default cipher differs from many other clients.) |
1d2a9c9c |
731 | |
941d39e2 |
732 | \e{OpenSSH 3.1p1:} configurations known to be broken (and symptoms): |
1d2a9c9c |
733 | |
734 | \b SSH 2 with AES cipher (PuTTY says "Assertion failed! Expression: |
735 | (len & 15) == 0" in sshaes.c, or "Out of memory", or crashes) |
736 | |
9712b085 |
737 | \b SSH 2 with 3DES (PuTTY says "Incorrect MAC received on packet") |
738 | |
1d2a9c9c |
739 | \b SSH 1 with Blowfish (PuTTY says "Incorrect CRC received on |
740 | packet") |
741 | |
742 | \b SSH 1 with 3DES |
743 | |
941d39e2 |
744 | \e{OpenSSH 3.4p1:} as of 3.4p1, only the problem with SSH 1 and |
745 | Blowfish remains. Rebuild your server, apply the patch linked to from |
746 | bug 138 above, or use another cipher (e.g., 3DES) instead. |
59f76022 |
747 | |
46ccbe20 |
748 | \e{Other versions:} we occasionally get reports of the same symptom |
749 | and workarounds with older versions of OpenSSH, although it's not |
750 | clear the underlying cause is the same. |
751 | |
1bb76745 |
752 | \S{faq-ssh2key-ssh1conn}{Question} Why do I see "Couldn't load private |
753 | key from ..."? Why can PuTTYgen load my key but not PuTTY? |
754 | |
755 | It's likely that you've generated an SSH protocol 2 key with PuTTYgen, |
756 | but you're trying to use it in an SSH 1 connection. SSH1 and SSH2 keys |
757 | have different formats, and (at least in 0.52) PuTTY's reporting of a |
758 | key in the wrong format isn't optimal. |
759 | |
760 | To connect using SSH 2 to a server that supports both versions, you |
761 | need to change the configuration from the default (see \k{faq-ssh2}). |
762 | |
2c4b913d |
763 | \S{faq-rh8-utf8}{Question} When I'm connected to a Red Hat Linux 8.0 |
764 | system, some characters don't display properly. |
765 | |
766 | A common complaint is that hyphens in man pages show up as a-acute. |
767 | |
768 | With release 8.0, Red Hat appear to have made UTF-8 the default |
769 | character set. There appears to be no way for terminal emulators such |
770 | as PuTTY to know this (as far as we know, the appropriate escape |
771 | sequence to switch into UTF-8 mode isn't sent). |
772 | |
773 | A fix is to configure sessions to RH8 systems to use UTF-8 |
774 | translation - see \k{config-charset} in the documentation. (Note that |
775 | if you use \q{Change Settings}, changes may not take place immediately |
776 | - see \k{faq-resetterm}.) |
777 | |
778 | If you really want to change the character set used by the server, the |
779 | right place is \c{/etc/sysconfig/i18n}, but this shouldn't be |
780 | necessary. |
781 | |
ee46ef84 |
782 | \H{faq-secure} Security questions |
783 | |
a1d2976b |
784 | \S{faq-publicpc}{Question} Is it safe for me to download PuTTY and |
70706890 |
785 | use it on a public PC? |
ee46ef84 |
786 | |
787 | It depends on whether you trust that PC. If you don't trust the |
788 | public PC, don't use PuTTY on it, and don't use any other software |
789 | you plan to type passwords into either. It might be watching your |
790 | keystrokes, or it might tamper with the PuTTY binary you download. |
791 | There is \e{no} program safe enough that you can run it on an |
792 | actively malicious PC and get away with typing passwords into it. |
793 | |
794 | If you do trust the PC, then it's probably OK to use PuTTY on it |
795 | (but if you don't trust the network, then the PuTTY download might |
796 | be tampered with, so it would be better to carry PuTTY with you on a |
797 | floppy). |
798 | |
a1d2976b |
799 | \S{faq-cleanup}{Question} What does PuTTY leave on a system? How can |
70706890 |
800 | I clean up after it? |
ee46ef84 |
801 | |
802 | PuTTY will leave some Registry entries, and a random seed file, on |
803 | the PC (see \k{faq-settings}). If you are using PuTTY on a public |
804 | PC, or somebody else's PC, you might want to clean these up when you |
805 | leave. You can do that automatically, by running the command |
806 | \c{putty -cleanup}. |
807 | |
a1d2976b |
808 | \S{faq-dsa}{Question} How come PuTTY now supports DSA, when the |
70706890 |
809 | website used to say how insecure it was? |
ee46ef84 |
810 | |
811 | DSA has a major weakness \e{if badly implemented}: it relies on a |
812 | random number generator to far too great an extent. If the random |
813 | number generator produces a number an attacker can predict, the DSA |
814 | private key is exposed - meaning that the attacker can log in as you |
815 | on all systems that accept that key. |
816 | |
817 | The PuTTY policy changed because the developers were informed of |
818 | ways to implement DSA which do not suffer nearly as badly from this |
819 | weakness, and indeed which don't need to rely on random numbers at |
820 | all. For this reason we now believe PuTTY's DSA implementation is |
821 | probably OK. However, if you have the choice, we still recommend you |
822 | use RSA instead. |
823 | |
ee4b471f |
824 | \S{faq-virtuallock}{Question} Couldn't Pageant use |
825 | \cw{VirtualLock()} to stop private keys being written to disk? |
f9908cf7 |
826 | |
ee4b471f |
827 | Unfortunately not. The \cw{VirtualLock()} function in the Windows |
828 | API doesn't do a proper job: it may prevent small pieces of a |
829 | process's memory from being paged to disk while the process is |
830 | running, but it doesn't stop the process's memory as a whole from |
831 | being swapped completely out to disk when the process is long-term |
832 | inactive. And Pageant spends most of its time inactive. |
f9908cf7 |
833 | |
ee46ef84 |
834 | \H{faq-admin} Administrative questions |
835 | |
a1d2976b |
836 | \S{faq-domain}{Question} Would you like me to register you a nicer |
70706890 |
837 | domain name? |
ee46ef84 |
838 | |
839 | No, thank you. Even if you can find one (most of them seem to have |
840 | been registered already, by people who didn't ask whether we |
841 | actually wanted it before they applied), we're happy with the PuTTY |
842 | web site being exactly where it is. It's not hard to find (just type |
843 | \q{putty} into \W{http://www.google.com/}{google.com} and we're the |
844 | first link returned), and we don't believe the administrative hassle |
845 | of moving the site would be worth the benefit. |
846 | |
847 | In addition, if we \e{did} want a custom domain name, we would want |
848 | to run it ourselves, so we knew for certain that it would continue |
849 | to point where we wanted it, and wouldn't suddenly change or do |
850 | strange things. Having it registered for us by a third party who we |
851 | don't even know is not the best way to achieve this. |
852 | |
a1d2976b |
853 | \S{faq-webhosting}{Question} Would you like free web hosting for the |
70706890 |
854 | PuTTY web site? |
ee46ef84 |
855 | |
856 | We already have some, thanks. |
857 | |
a1d2976b |
858 | \S{faq-sourceforge}{Question} Why don't you move PuTTY to |
70706890 |
859 | SourceForge? |
ee46ef84 |
860 | |
861 | Partly, because we don't want to move the web site location (see |
862 | \k{faq-domain}). |
863 | |
864 | Also, security reasons. PuTTY is a security product, and as such it |
865 | is particularly important to guard the code and the web site against |
866 | unauthorised modifications which might introduce subtle security |
867 | flaws. Therefore, we prefer that the CVS repository, web site and |
868 | FTP site remain where they are, under the direct control of system |
869 | administrators we know and trust personally, rather than being run |
870 | by a large organisation full of people we've never met and which is |
871 | known to have had breakins in the past. |
872 | |
873 | No offence to SourceForge; I think they do a wonderful job. But |
874 | they're not ideal for everyone, and in particular they're not ideal |
875 | for us. |
876 | |
a1d2976b |
877 | \S{faq-mailinglist1}{Question} Why can't I subscribe to the |
70706890 |
878 | putty-bugs mailing list? |
ee46ef84 |
879 | |
880 | Because you're not a member of the PuTTY core development team. The |
881 | putty-bugs mailing list is not a general newsgroup-like discussion |
882 | forum; it's a contact address for the core developers, and an |
883 | \e{internal} mailing list for us to discuss things among ourselves. |
884 | If we opened it up for everybody to subscribe to, it would turn into |
885 | something more like a newsgroup and we would be completely |
886 | overwhelmed by the volume of traffic. It's hard enough to keep up |
887 | with the list as it is. |
888 | |
a1d2976b |
889 | \S{faq-mailinglist2}{Question} If putty-bugs isn't a |
70706890 |
890 | general-subscription mailing list, what is? |
ee46ef84 |
891 | |
892 | There isn't one, that we know of. |
893 | |
be86e512 |
894 | If someone else wants to set up a mailing list or other forum for |
895 | PuTTY users to help each other with common problems, that would be |
896 | fine with us, though the PuTTY team would almost certainly not have the |
897 | time to read it. It's probably better to use the established |
898 | newsgroup \cw{comp.security.ssh} for this purpose. |
ee46ef84 |
899 | |
a1d2976b |
900 | \S{faq-donations}{Question} How can I donate to PuTTY development? |
ee46ef84 |
901 | |
902 | Please, \e{please} don't feel you have to. PuTTY is completely free |
903 | software, and not shareware. We think it's very important that |
904 | \e{everybody} who wants to use PuTTY should be able to, whether they |
905 | have any money or not; so the last thing we would want is for a |
906 | PuTTY user to feel guilty because they haven't paid us any money. If |
907 | you want to keep your money, please do keep it. We wouldn't dream of |
908 | asking for any. |
909 | |
910 | Having said all that, if you still really \e{want} to give us money, |
911 | we won't argue :-) The easiest way for us to accept donations is if |
912 | you go to \W{http://www.e-gold.com}\cw{www.e-gold.com}, and deposit |
913 | your donation in account number 174769. Then send us e-mail to let |
914 | us know you've done so (otherwise we might not notice for months!). |
9cd3f7b0 |
915 | Alternatively, if e-gold isn't convenient for you, you can donate to |
916 | \cw{<anakin@pobox.com>} using PayPal |
917 | (\W{http://www.paypal.com/}\cw{www.paypal.com}). |
ee46ef84 |
918 | |
919 | Small donations (tens of dollars or tens of euros) will probably be |
920 | spent on beer or curry, which helps motivate our volunteer team to |
921 | continue doing this for the world. Larger donations will be spent on |
922 | something that actually helps development, if we can find anything |
9cd3f7b0 |
923 | (perhaps new hardware, or a copy of Windows XP), but if we can't |
ee46ef84 |
924 | find anything then we'll just distribute the money among the |
925 | developers. If you want to be sure your donation is going towards |
926 | something worthwhile, ask us first. If you don't like these terms, |
927 | feel perfectly free not to donate. We don't mind. |
928 | |
f9908cf7 |
929 | \H{faq-misc} Miscellaneous questions |
930 | |
931 | \S{faq-openssh}{Question} Is PuTTY a port of OpenSSH, or based on |
932 | OpenSSH? |
933 | |
934 | No, it isn't. PuTTY is almost completely composed of code written |
935 | from scratch for PuTTY. The only code we share with OpenSSH is the |
936 | detector for SSH1 CRC compensation attacks, written by CORE SDI S.A. |
937 | |
606398fb |
938 | \S{faq-sillyputty}{Question} Where can I buy silly putty? |
939 | |
940 | You're looking at the wrong web site; the only PuTTY we know about |
941 | here is the name of a computer program. |
942 | |
943 | If you want the kind of putty you can buy as an executive toy, the |
944 | PuTTY team can personally recommend Thinking Putty, which you can |
945 | buy from Crazy Aaron's Putty World, at |
946 | \W{http://www.puttyworld.com}\cw{www.puttyworld.com}. |
947 | |
fa58cf81 |
948 | \S{faq-meaning}{Question} What does \q{PuTTY} mean? |
ee46ef84 |
949 | |
fa58cf81 |
950 | It's the name of a popular SSH and Telnet client. Any other meaning |
951 | is in the eye of the beholder. It's been rumoured that \q{PuTTY} |
952 | is the antonym of \q{\cw{getty}}, or that it's the stuff that makes your |
953 | Windows useful, or that it's a kind of plutonium Teletype. We |
954 | couldn't possibly comment on such allegations. |
955 | |
956 | \S{faq-pronounce}{Question} How do I pronounce \q{PuTTY}? |
957 | |
958 | Exactly like the English word \q{putty}, which we pronounce |
959 | /\u02C8{'}p\u028C{V}t\u026A{I}/. |